microbiology 2 (brock 10th ed.)
Terms
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- phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from bacteria
- archaea
- phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from archaea
- bacteria
- an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
- chemolithotroph
- an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds
- chemoorganotroph
- a genetic element carrying genes essential to cell function
- chromosome
- the highest level of biological classification
- domain
- the process by which mitochondria and choloplasts originated from the descendants of bacteria
- endosymbiosis
- a cell having a membrane-bound nucleus and usually other organelles
- eukaryote
- an organism that grows optimally under one or more environmental extremes
- extremophile
- the complement of genes in an organism
- genome
- cell shape
- morphology
- the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea)
- nucleoid
- a membrane enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
- nucleus
- a unit membrane enclosed structure present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
- organelle
- and organism that obtains its energy from light
- phototroph
- the evolutionary relationship between organisms
- phylogeny
- an extrachromosomal genetic element nonessential for growth
- plasmid
- a cell that lacks a membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles
- prokaryote
- a cytoplasmic particle that carries out the process of protein synthesis
- ribosome
- found mostly in cells of plants and microorganisms, these give structural strength to the cell
- cell wall
- examples of eukaryotic microorganisms
- algae, fungi, protozoa
- prokaryotic microorganisms
- bacteria, archaea
- a major class of microorganisms that are not cells, and have no metabolic activities of their own
- viruses
- contain their own genes but lack ribosomes
- viruses
- DNA is ___ in most prokaryotes because most only have a single chromosome
- circular
- most prokaryotes contain only a single copy of each gene and are therefore genetically ___
- haploid
- extrachromosomal DNA that typically contains genes that confer special properties
- plasmids
- eukaryotes typically contain two copies of each gene and are genetically ____
- diploid
- process in which two identical daughter cells are the result
- mitosis
- process whereby eukaryotic cells' genetic material is halved to form haploid gametes for sexual reproduction
- meiosis
- microorganisms that can only extract energy from ATP in the presence of oxygen
- aerobes
- high energy compound from which energy is obtained
- ATP adenosine triphosphate
- microorganisms that can only extract energy from ATP in the absence of oxygen
- anaerobes
- these types of microbial cells obtain their complement of necessary carbon nutrients from one or more organic compounds
- heterotrophs
- these microbial cells require only CO2 to get their necessary complement of carbon
- autotrophs
- largest division (phylum) of bacteria
- proteobacteria
- oxygenic (oxygen evolved from metabolism) phototrophs who are phylogenetic relatives of gram positive bacteria
- cyanobacteria
- a favorite energy source of many chemolithotrophic archaea
- hydrogen gas
- high heat lover (extremophile)
- hyperthermophile
- cold lover (extremophile)
- psychrophile
- low ph lover (extremophile)
- acidophile
- high ph lover (extremophile)
- alkaliphile
- high pressure lover (extremophile)
- barophile
- salt lover (extremophile)
- halophile
- leaf-like structures often found growing on rocks, trees, and other surfaces; example of microbial mutualism; consist of a fungas and a phototrophic partner (alga or cyanobacterium)
- lichens
- large double-stranded molecule that combines to form a mass called the nucleoid
- bacterial chromosome