Microbiology Ch 1 Book - The Microbial World and You
Terms
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- what are microbes
- very small organisms that usually require a microscope to be seen/not seen with unaided eyes
- what are microbes also called
- microorganisms
- what does the microbe group include
- bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae, viruses
- the majority of microorganisms make crucial contributions to the welfare of the world's inhabitants by
- helping to maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment
- certain microbes play important roles in
- photosynthesis
- what is photosynthesis
- a food and oxygen generating process that is critical to life on Earth
- humans and many other animals depend onthe microbes in their ______ for digestion and the _________ of some vitamins that their body requires
- intestines, synthesis
- B vitamins are for
- metabolism
- vitamin K is for
- blood clotting
- microorganisms also have many commercial _______
- applications
- who discovered the process by which microbes produce acetone and butanol in 1914
- Chaim Weizmann
- what is Weizmanns history
- Russian born chemist working in England
- How did Weizmann's discovery play a significant role in determining the outcome of world war I
- acetone was very important for making cordite-a smokeless form of gunpowder used in munitions
- microbes are used in the synthesis of chemical products such as
- aceton, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, and many drugs
- the food industry uses microbes in producing
- vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy sauce, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, and bread
-
enzymes from micrboes can now be manipulated such that the microbes produce substances they normally ________
what are examples of these substances -
do not synthesize
cellulose, digestive acids, drain cleaner, iportant therapeutic substances such as insulin -
Though only a minority of microorganisms are ________, practical knowledge of microbes is necessary for medicine and the related health sciences.
example? -
pathogenic
hospital workers must be able to protect patients from common microbes that are normally harmless but pose a threat to the sick and injured - what does pathogenic mean
- disease producing
- why did so many people die long ago
-
devastating epidemics,
vaccinations and antibiotics were not available - who established the system of nomenclature for organisms in 1735
- Carolus Linnaeus
- why are scientific names latinized
- because Latin was the language traditionally used by scholars
- what is the genus
- the first name and is always capitalized
- what is the specific epithet
- the species name and is not capitalized
- the organism is referred to by both the genus and the specific epithet and both names are
- underlined and italicized
- after a scientific name has been mentioned once, it can be abbreviated by
- abbreviate the inital of the genus followed by the specific epithet
- what can scientific names do
-
describe an organism
honor a researcher
identify the habitat of a species - where is staphylococcus aureus commonly found
- on human skin
- what does staphylo mean
- clustered arrangement of the cells
- waht does coccus indicate
- they are shaped like spheres
- what does the specific epithet, aureus, mean
- Latin for golden, the color of many colonies of this bacterium
- what is the genus of the bacterium escherichia coli
-
for a scientist, Theodor Escherih
E.Coli - how did sourdough bread get it's name
- during the gold rush, miners baked so many sour loaves that they were nicknamed sourdough
- what kingdom does yeast belong to
- fungi
- what is the process of when the yeast metabolizes the sugars and produces alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide as waste products
- fermentation
- the most famous sourdough bread comes from
- San Francisco
- sourdough bread is ___ times more acidic than conventional bread because of the ...
-
8-10
presence of lactic and acetic acids - what is bacteria
- relatively simple, single-celled(unicellular) organisms
- why are bacterial cells called prokaryotes
- because their enetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane
- prokaryotes include both the _____ and the _____
- bacteria & archaea
- what are the most common shapes that bacterial cells appear in
-
bacilus(rodlike)
coccus(spherical/oval)
spiral(corkscrew/curved) - some bacteria are __________ shaped
- star or square
- individual bacteria may form
- pairs, chains, clusters or other groupings
- bacteria are enclosed in cell walls tat are
- largely composed of peptidoglycan
- what is pptidoglycan
- a carbohydtrate and protein complex
- how do bacteria generally reproduce
- binary fission
- wat is binary fission
- dividing into two equal cells
- what do most bacteria use for nutrition
- organic chemicals, can be derived from either dead or livig organisms in naure
- many macteria can "swim" by using moing appendages called
- flagella
- archaea consists of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls then
- the walls lack pepdioglycan
- where are archaea often found in
- extreme environments
- what are the three groups that archaea is divided into
-
methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles - what are methanogens
- produce methane as a waste product from respiration
- what are extreme halophiles
-
(salt loving)
live in extremely salty environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea - what are extreme thermophiles
-
(heat)
live in hot sulfurous water such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park - archaea are not known to cause ______ in humans
- disease
- are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes
- eukaryotes
- what is fungi
- organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material (DNA), surrounded by a special envoleope called the nuclear membrane
- organisms in the Kingdom Fungi can be unicellular or
- multicellular
- why aren't large multicellular fungi that look like plants, plants?
- they cannot carry out photosynthesis like most plants
- true fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called
- chitin
- what are yeasts
-
the unicellular forms of fungi
oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria - what is the most typical fungi
- molds
- molds form visible masses called
- mycelia
- what is mycelia composed of
- long filaments that branch and intertwine
- what are long filaments
- hyphae
- fungi can reproduce
- asexually or sexually
- fungi obtain nourishment by
- absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment-whether soil, seawater, fresh water, or an animal or plant host
- what are slime molds
- have characteristics of both fungi and amoebas
-
protozoa are unicellular or multicellular
prokaryotic or eukaryotic microbes -
unicellular
eukaryotic microbes - how do protozoa move
- by pseudopods, flagella or cilia
- how do amoebas move
- by using extensions of their cytoplasm called pseudopods
- what are pseudopods
- false feet
- what are cilia
- numerous shorter appendages for locomotion
- protozoa have a variety of shapes and live either as free
- entities or as parasitesthat absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment
- what are parasites
- organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts
- protozoa can reproduce
- sexually or asexually
- what are algae
- photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms
- the algae of interest to microbiologists are usually
- unicellular
- what are the cell walls of many algae composed of
- a carbohydrate called cellulose
- algae are ____ in fresh and salt water, in soil, and in association with plants
- abundant
- what do algae need for food production and growth
-
light, water, and carbon dioxide
don't generally require organic compounds from the environment - what does algae produce as a result of photosynthesis
- oxygen and carbohydrates that are then utilized by other organisms
- most viruses can be seen only with
- an electron microscope
- viruses are unicelular?
- no, acellular
- what does acellular mean
- not cellular
- what does a virus particle contain
- a core made ofonly one type of nucleic acid, ether DNA or RNA
- what is the core of a virus surrounded by
- a protein coat
- sometimes the coat of a virus is encased by an additional layer
- a lipid membrane called the envelope
- viruses can reproduce only by
- using the cellular machinery of oter organisms
- viruses are considered to be living
- when they multipoly within host cells they infect, so viruses are parasites of other forms of life
- viruses are not considered to be living because
- outside of living hosts they are inert
- what are the two groups of parasitic worms
-
flatworms
roundworms - what are roundworms collectively called
- helminths
- before the existence of microbes was known, all organisms were grouped into either the _______ or _________ kingdom
- animal or plant
- what are the three domains of Carl Woese's system of classification
-
1. Bacteria (cell wals contain a protein carbohydtrate complex called peptidoglycan)
2. Archaea (cell walls, if present, lack peptidolycan)
3. Eukarya:
-Protists (slime molds, protozoa, and algae)
-Fungi(unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms)
-Plants(includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
-Animals(sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates) - what is the cell theory
- the theory that all living things are composed of cells
- what did Hooke lack even though his icrocope was capable of showing cells
- staining techniques
- who was the first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of morethan 400 microcopes he constructed
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- spontaneous generation
- many scientists and philosophers beleived that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
- What did John Needham find
- even after he heated nutrient fluids before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms
- what did needham claim
- that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids
- what did Lazzaro Spallanzani suggest 20 years later
- microorganisms from the air proably had entered Needham's solutions after they were boiled
- what did Spallanzani show
- that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth
- how did Needham claim by responding to Spallanzani
- by claiming the "vital force" necessary for spontaneous generation had been destroyed by te heat and was kept out of the flasks by the seals
- when was the intangibe "vital force" given all the more credence after Spallanzani's experiment
- when Anton Laurent Lavoisier showed the importance of oxygen to life
- Spallanzani's observations were crticized on the grounds that there was not enough oxygen in the sealed flasks to support
- microbial life
- who challenged the concept of biogenesis
- Rudolf Virchow
- what is biogenesis
- the claim that living cells can arise only frm preexisting living cells
- who resolved the issue on spontaneous generation
- Louis Pasteur, french scientist
- what did Pasteur demonstrate
- that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions
- what did pasteur do to prove his point
-
-filled several short-necked flasks with beef broth and then boiled their contents
-some were left open and allowed to cool
-in a few days, the flasks were found to be contaminated with microbes - what did Pasteur reason from his results
- that microbes in the air were the agents responsible for conaminating nonliving matter such as the broths in Needham's flasks
- what did Pasteur do next
-
-he placed broth in open-ended long-necked flasks and ent the necks into S-shaped curves
-contents of the flask were boiled and cooled
-broth did not decy and showed no signs of life even after months - Pasteur's unique design allowed air to pass into the flask, but the curved neck
- trapped any airborne microorganisms that might conaminate the broth
- Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonloving matters on -
- on solids, in liquids, and in the air
- what did pasteur furthermore demonstrate
- that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments
- what are aseptic techniques
- techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures
- what are among the first and most important changes that a begining microbiologist learns
- modern aseptic techniques
- scientists now beleive that a form of spontaneous gerenation probably did occur on the primitive Earth when life first began, but
- they agree that this does not happen under today's environmental conditions
- what were the years of 1857-1914 known as
- the Golden Age of Microbiology
- what happened during this period
- the rapid advances mainly by Pasteur and Koch led to the establishment of microbiology as a science
- what discoveries were made in the Golden Age of Microbiology
- agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in the prevention and cure of disease
- what did microbiologists study during this period
- chemical activities of microorganisms, improved the techniques for performing microscopy and culturing microorganisms, and developed vaccines and surgical techniques
- when did one of the key steps that established the relationship between microorganisms and disease occur
- when a group of French merchants asked Pasteur to find out why wine and beer soured
- what did the french merchants that asked pasteur to find out why beer and wine soured hope to develop
- a method that would prevent spoilage when those verages were shipped long distances
- what is fermentation
- microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air
- what is used to make wine and beer
- fermentation
- who found the idea of fermentation
- pasteur
- souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called
- bacteria
- in the presence of air, bacteria change the ______ in the beverage into _____
-
alcohol
vinegar (acetic acid) - what is pasteurization
- to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage
- what is pasteurization commonly used for now
- to reduce spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk as well as in some alcoholic drinks
- showing the connection between ______ of food and _________ was a major step twoard establishing the relationship between disease and microbes.
-
spoilage
microorganisms - what was the first link between the activity of a microorganism and physical and chemical changes in organic materials
- the realizaion that yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation
- germ theory of disease
- microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals - specifically that microorganisms might cause disease
- why was the germ theory a difficult concept for many people to accept at that time
- because for centuries disease was believed to be punishment for an individual's crimes or misdeeds
- whose data did Pasteur use to find more recent infection caused by protozoan and to develop a method for recognizing affected silkworm moths
- Agostino Bassi
- who applied the germ theory to medical procedures
- Joseph Lister
- what did Lister treat surgical wounds with
- a phenol solution
- what did Lister's findings rove
- that microorganisms cause surgical wound infections
- where did the the first proof that bacteria actually causes disease come from
- Robert Koch
- what did Koch discover
- rod-shaped bacteria, known as Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax
- what are koch's postulates
- a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease