psyc. chp 5
Terms
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- Fixed-Ratio
- Reward after a fixed number of correct behaviors.
- Variable-Ratio:
- Reward after an average number of correct behaviors.
- Fixed-Interval
- Reward for correct behavior, after a fixed amount of time elapsed.
- Variable-Interval:
- Reward for correct behavior, after a fixed average amount of time elapsed.
- imitate
- Attention (care about what other people are doing) - Remember (memory of what people are doing) - Produce (ability to reproduce behavior) - Motivation (the behavior produces desirable results)
- Latent Learning:
- creating a cognitive representation without need of reinforcement
- EEA
- A statistical composite of the adaptation-relevant properties of the ancestral environments encountered by the ancestral members of a species.
- Experience Expectant:
- Under normal development certain behaviors will arise (because the brain expects exposure to certain experiences under normal development)
- Syntax:
- The universal component of grammar that arranges words into phrases and sentences.
- Experience Dependent:
- Individual differences in experience can lead to individual differences in abilities.
- Learning
- Learning is defined as enduring change in (a) behavior or (b) mental representation as a result of experience.
- Behavioral Psychologists
- Focus on how behavior changes as a result of experience.
- Cognitive Psychologists:
- Focus on how mental representations change as a result of experience.
- Common beliefs
- We can’t measure mental states (only behavior) - The mind is a blank slate - Experience is more important than biology*
- Tabula Rasa:
- The mind is a blank slate
- Extinction
- When predictive value decreases, the unconditioned stimulus will no longer elicit the unconditioned response.
- Spontaneous Recovery
- After extinction has occurred, sometimes organisms will respond to the unconditioned stimulus.
- Stimulus Generalization:
- The Conditioned Response will be elicited by stimuli similar to the Conditioned stimulus.
- Operant:
- Acquiring complex behavior that is not built upon simple biological reflexes.
- Thorndike’s Law of Effect:
- We remember what works and what doesn’t work.
- Reinforcements:
- Experiences that increase the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again.
- Punishments:
- Experiences that decrease the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again.
- Positive Reinforcement:
- Increasing the likelihood of a particular behavior by Adding a positive stimulus.
- Conditioned Reinforcers:
- Things that we associate with positive or aversive outcomes.
- Positive Punishment:
- Decreasing the likelihood of a particular behavior by Adding an aversive stimulus.
- Negative Punishment:
- Decreasing the likelihood of a particular behavior by Taking away a positive stimulus.
- Shaping:
- Creating complex behavior via schedules of reward.
- Continuous Reinforcement:
- Rewarding every instance of correct behavior.
- Partial Reinforcement:
- Inconsistently rewarding the correct behavior (e.g., every other time).