psychology ch. 4
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- "zone of proximal development"
- said by Vygotsky. When people are learning they need to be challenged enough that they will learn but they need enough prior learning that they can attach the new material to.
- accomodation
- adapting one's current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new information
- Alzheimer's Disease (dementia)
- irreversible brain disorder, gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
- assimilation
- interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
- authoritarian parents
- impose rules and expect obedience. bad! creates low self-esteem. too aggressive.
- authoritative parents
- demanding and responsive. better than authoritarian. set and enforce rules and explains why. encourages open discussions and allowing exceptions when making rules.
- autism
- disorder that appears in childhood. when the kid doesn't communicate, socialize, or unerstand others' states of mind
- Babinski's reflex
- when you scratch the baby's foot, it scrunches up its feet
- Children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social comeptence usually have warm, concerned, ______ parents.
- authoritative
- cognition
- refers to all the mental activies associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- Concrete Operational, Stage 3
- 7-11yrs. Learns to logically reason about concrete events. Understand conservation and reversal
- Conservation
- Ojects stay the same even when their form changes. Example: when you squish ice cream down so it doesn't look as tall, they'll understand it's the same amount of ice cream
- Critical Period
- A key nurture concept. A specific period during development when a specific kind of stimulatoin (or lack of it) can have a profound effect on later development
- cross-sectional study
- a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. suggests decline in graphs
- crystallized intelligence
- one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. tends to increase with age
- developmental psychologists
- people who study physical, mental, and socialchanges throughout the human life cycle
- During the fetal stage, the fetus can feel mom's movement by the month #___ and almost everything is developed by month #__.. focus is on growth!
- 4, 7
- During which of Erikson's stage does a child learn self-assertion?
- Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
- embryo
- the developing human organism about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
- Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
- 1-2yrs. Child is allowed to make independent decisions or is made to feel ashamed/full of doubt about own decisions
- Erikson's Generativity vs. Self-absorption/stagnation
- middle adulthood. 40-65yrs. (Generativity=what you contribute to help other people's lives). Determining what to leave behind for future generations or failing to grasp a sense of meaning in life
- Erikson's Identity vs. Role confusion
- Adolescence. Grasps sense of identity or becomes confused about possible future roles as adult
- Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority
- 6-11yrs. Child feels competent working with others or inferior.
- Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3-6yrs. Child develops own purpose/direction or is made to feel guilty by overly controlling caregivers
- Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair
- Late adulthood. 65+ yrs. Feeling that life was worthwhile or feeling despaire about one's life and fearing death.
- Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolatoin
- Young adulthood 20-40yrs. Forming deep/intimate relationships with others or becoming socially isolated.
- Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust
- birth-1yr. treatment by caregivers creates trust/mistrust in a good world
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. include noiceable facial misproportions [now the leading cause of mental retardation]
- fetus
- the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
- fluid intelligence
- one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. tends to decrease during late adulthood.
- Formal Operational, Stage 4
- 12+ yrs. Abe to think logically. Abstract thinking..kid reasons in more abstract, idealistic and logical ways and about hypothetical situations.
- Gilligan stated that in justice vs. caring (the porcupine story), boys tended to go for ____ and the girls _____.
- boys: justice(the porcupine needs to leave) and girls: suggested a solution
- Gilligan's theory of moral development includes 3 general phases(stages):
- Morality as individual survival, self-sacrifice, and equality
- Harlow's studies show that:
- there is a preference for "contact comfort"(prefer cloth over wire, cuddle over eating), fear reduction(baby monkeys run to moms when scared), & secure based(babies need a secure base, mom, to explore bravely)
- How we know the behavior is due to maturation:
- Universal(everyone does it), Sequential(goes in order), & relatively uninfluenced by experience
- How we use and adjust our schemas:
- Assimilate and Accommodate.
- imprinting
- the process by which certain animals form attachments during a cirtical period very early in life. Ex: 12 hrs after birth, ducklings will attach and follow any object that moves.
- Kohlberg's conventional stage:
- Stage 3: (approval-disapproval) you do the right thing to be seen as a good person. Stage 4: (rule following-law&order) you do the right thing out of respect for the law
- Kohlberg's post-conventional stage:
- Stage 5: (social contract) needs of others come before your needs. Stage 6: (universal ethical principle) self-determined moral ideas based on justice, dignity, and equality
- Kohlberg's preconventional stage:
- Stage 1: (punishment-obedience) You do the right thing because you avoid punishment. Stage 2: (intstrumental-hedonistic) you do the right thing to gain rewards
- Kohlberg's stages of moral development:
- Preconventional, conventional, post-conventional
- Kubler-Ross's "stages of acceptances":
- Denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.
- longitudinal study
- a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. suggests more stability
- maturation
- A key concept in nature (nature/nurture). A biological proces that enables orderly changes in behavior..has very little to do with environment (ex: lay-crawl-toddle-walk-run)
- menarche
- first menstrual period
- Moro's reflex
- Babies grasp forward when they feel they are dropped/falling
- newborn preferences:
- babies like face-like images(stare longer) and smell of mom. they stare at an image with higher contrast (Bullseye than a solid disk) and prefer to look at object 8-12 inches away.. same distance between baby's and mom's eyes
- permissive parents
- submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment
- primary sex characteristics
- body structures that make sexual reproduction possible. female: ovaries, male: testes. External genitalia.
- Properational, Stage 2
- 2-6yrs. Child is not logical. Egocentric, incapable of seeing another point of view. symbolic thinking increases, allowing for language to be more sophisticated. still have trouble with mental manipulation of info. Ex: if the kid can't see you, then you c
- rooting reflex
- when you brush their cheek, the babies will open their mouths and look for a nipple
- schema
- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
- Secondary sex characteristics
- nonreproductive sexual characteristics. female: breats and hips, male: voice quality and body hair
- Sensorimeter, Stage 1
- 0-2yrs. Learns connections between sensations and motor actions. Object permanence. Ex: if you can't see it, it doesn't exist. Ex2: trying to get a shovel to fit in thru a small doorway and can't understand why it doesn't fit
- stage during prenatal development when there is a further refining of organs
- fetal period(8weeks-birth)
- stage during prenatal development when there is rapid cell division; major organs are present
- embryo(2-8weeks)
- stages of prenatal development
- Conception(fertilization), Zygote(0-2weeks), Embryo(2-8weeks), Fetal period(8weeks-birth)
- teratogens
- harmful agents such as viruses and drugs that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm
- The internal physical changes as you age:
- brain becomes smaller and lighter(decrease in neurons and blood flow, and it pulls away from the skull) & circulation decreases(because blood vessels has hardened and shrinked)
- theory of mind
- people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
- What are the three major issues that psychology researchers center on?
- Nature/Nurture, continunity/stages, stability/change(Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?)
- When does stranger anxiety for a baby begin?
- At 6 months old. Infants get apprehensive when confronted by a stranger.
- Which areas in the brain are the last to develop?
- The associatoin areas of the cortex - linked with thinking, memory, and language
- which side is nature/nurture?
- nature: genes, nurture: environment
- zygotes
- the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
- ____ is the beginning of sexual maturity
- adulthood