neonate brain anatomy

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what are the three meninges: dura, pia, arachnoid
double-layered outer membraine that forms the toughest barrier; composes the falx cerebri and tentorium: dura mater
__ is fibrous structure that separates teh two cerebral hemispheres. __ is v-shaped echogenic structure that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum/posterior fossa and is extention of falx cerebri: falx cerebri, tentorium
__ is interposed between the more superficial dura mater and the deeper pia mater, and is separated fromt he pia mater by the subarachnoid space: arachnoid mater
thin, mesh-like lining closely enveloping the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex; it joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce csf: pia mater
the __ ventricles are the largest fo teh csf cavities located within the cerebral hemispheres; they communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen; there are two located on each side of the brain and are divided into four segments: lateral ventricles (divided into frontal, body, temporal, and occipital)
__ is the site at which the frontal (anterior), occipital, temporal horns join.: trigone/atrium
the __ of the lateral ventricles extends from the foramen of monroe to the trigone. the corpus callosum forms the roof, cavum septum pellucidum forms the medial wall and the thalamus touches the inferior lateral ventricular wall and the body of thecaudat: body
the __ horn extends anteriorly from the trigone through the temporal lobe. the roof is formed by the white matter of the temporal lobe and by the tail of the caudate nucleus; the hippocampus forms the medial wall: temporal horn
the __ horn extends posterioly from the trigone; the occipital cortex and white matter form the medial wall, the corpus callosume forms the proximal roof and the lateral wall: occipital horn
the __ horn is divided posteriorly by the foramen of monro near the body of the ventricle; the roof is formed by the corpus callosum and the septum pellucidum forms the medial wall, and teh head of teh caudate nucleus forms the lateral wall: frontal
the third ventricle is connected by the __ to the lateral ventricles and teh __ connects the third and fourth ventricles: foramen of monro, aqueduct of sylvius
the fourth ventricle is located within the posterior fossa. the __ forms the floor, the __ and __ form the roof. the lateral angles of the fourth ventricle form teh __ and the inferior angle, __, is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord: medulla oblongata, cerebellar vermis and posterior medullary vellum, foramen of luschka, foramen of magendie
the __ surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord from physical contact: cerebral spinal fluid
approx. __% of the CSF is formed by the choroid plexus of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles, of which majority is produced in the __ ventricles. the remainder of CSF is produced from unidentified sources within the ventricular system. there is n: 70%; lateral ventricles; frontal and occipital; temporal
from the fourth ventricle the CSF leaves through the central foramen of magendie or the lateral foramen of luschka into the __ and teh ___(subarachnoid space then to spinal cord: cisterna magna; basal subarachnoid cistern
a thin triangular hole filled with CSF which lies between the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles and anterior to third ventricle; closes within 3-6 months of life: cavum septum pellucidum
__ is found at the posterior tip of the cavum septum pellucidum: cavum vergae
is a mass of special cells located in the atrium of the lateral ventricles; these cells regulate the intraventricular pressure by secretion or absorption of CSF: choroid plexus
the __ is the tail of the choroid plexus and is a major site for bleeds; it is located at area of atrium and is a major site for bleeds/hemorrhage; area where the largest portion of choroid plexus is and where you take measurement: glomus
the narrow subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord contains a small amount of fluid; the __ are spaces at the base of the brain where the arachnoid becomes widely separated from the pia mater, giving rise to large cavities. the __ is one: cisterns; cisterna magna
cerebral hemispheres aka ___. there are two cerebal hemispheres connected by teh __ and separated by the __. they extends from teh frontal to the occipital bone above the anterior and middle __. they are anterior to the __. they consist of __ and __ m: forebrain; corpus callosum; cerebral falx; cranial fossae; white and gray matter; cortex; corpus callosum
the cortex is divided into four ___; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal and correspond to the cranial bones with the same names. the __ are convolutions on the surface of the brain caused by infolding of the cortex. the __ is a groove or depress: lobes, gyri, sulci, fissures
fissures: the __ is teh aea in which the falx cerebri sits and separates the two cerebral hemispheres; the __ is bilateral and is teh area seen in lateral portion of the brain where the middle cerebral artery is located; the __ is located posterior and: interhemispheric fissure; sylvian; quadrigeminal; vein of galen
a mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres; this structure forms the roof of the lateral ventricles and sits on top of the cavum septum pellucidum. the dorsal portion is called the __ and the posterior is called the __: corpus callosum, genu, splenium
a collection of gray matter that includes the caudate necleus, lentiform nucleus, claustrum and thalamus: basal ganglia
the __ is the portion of the brain that forms the lateral borders of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and lies anterior to the thalamus and is divided into head, body, and tail: caudate nucleus
the head of teh caudate nucleus is a common site for __. the __ and __ are the largest basal ganglia.: hemorrhage, caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
these serve as relay stations between the thalamus and cerebral cortex.: caudate and lentiform nucleus
the __ consists of two ovoid, egg-shaped brain structures situated on either side of the third ventricle superior to the brain stem. it borders the third ventricle and connects through the middle of the third ventricle by the massa intermedia: thalamus
the thalamus connects through the middle of the third ventricle by the __: massa intermedia
the __ forms the floor of the third ventricle. the ___ is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. the __ includes periventricular tissue and the caudate nucleus.: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, germinal matrix
it is located 1 cm above the caudate nucleus in the floor of the lateral ventricles. it sweeps from thr frontal horn posteriorly into the temporal horn: germinal matrix
an area where bleeds start is where the __ and __ meet: caudate nucleus and thalamus (germinal matrix aka caudothalmic groove)
is the part of the brain connecting the forebrain and spinal cord; consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata: brain stem
it is narrow and connects the forebrain to the hindbrian; it consists of two halves; the cerebral aqueduct is a narrow cavity of this that connects the third and fourth ventricles: cerebral peduncles aka midbrain
the __ is part of teh tegmentum located behind the cerebral aqueduct. the midbrain has four small surface swellings called the __ and __: tectum, superior and inferior colliculi
is found on the anterior surface of teh cerebellum below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata. connects midbrain (cerebral peduncles) to medulla oblongata: pons
extends from the pons to the foramen magnum where it continues as spinal cord; this structure contain fiber tracts between the brain and spinal cord; has vital centers and regulates important internal activities such as heart rate, respiration, and blood: medulla oblongata
is not a portion of the midbrain; is composed of two hemispheres that have teh appearance of cauliflower: cerebellum
lies in teh posterior cranial fossa under teh tentorium cerebelli (infratentorium): cerebellum
the two cerebellar hemispheres are connected by the ___. three pairs of nerve tracts, the ___, connect the cerebellum to the brainstem. the __ connects it to the midbrain/cerebral peduncles. the __ connects it to the pons, and the __ connects it to the: vermis; cerebellar peduncles; superior peduncle; middle cerebellar peduncle; inferior cerebellar peduncle
most exam of the neonate are performed in the nursery or nicu at ___. the tech must be aware of the infant's condition prior to exam. contact with infant's neonatal __ is need. patient prep is __. a small amount of __ gel should be used so that infant: bedside, nurse, none, warm
when scanning neonatal heads avoid unnecessary exposure and minimize scanning ___as much as possible. wash hands and place __ on after each exam, also place a sterile __ on prior to entering nicu. wipe probe with __ pad before and after each exam: time, gloves, gown
a __ to __ mhz phased array small footprint transducer used with premature infants. a __ mhz phased array small footprint used with infants with larger heads: 7.5-10mhz; 5 mhz
multiple planes and views are used to study the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments. __ studies the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, parts of the ventricular system IHF, and the subarachnoid space. the __ studies the posterior fosaa inclu: supratentorium, infratentorium
what are the three planes that a neonatal head is scanned in: coronal, sagittal, parasagittal
__ is used as an acoustic window to visualize the supratentorial compartment in the first year of life. __ can be also used as an acoustic window to view the infratentorial: anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle
sonographic __ anatomy of the neonatal brain is best depicted with a series of both modified coronal and sagittal/parasagittal planes. in the past, __ scanning was also utilized, especially for obtaining accurate ventricular dimension. however, not it i: cross-section; axial; circle of willis
when lookig at the coronal sections, the __ of the skull is at the top and the __ side of the brain is to the right of the image. to perform these studies the transducer is placed on the anterior fontanelle with the scanning plane following the __ suture: vertex, left, coronal, symmetrical, middle cerebral artery
in coronal the probe is angled from the anterior to the posterior of the skull to completely visualize these four:: lateral ventricle, third ventricle, deep subcortical white matter, basal ganglia
in coronal when the transducer is angled anteriorly, the __ appear as slit-like hypoechoic to cystic formations. as the probe is angled posteriorly, the ventricles acquire a __ shape; the ventricular width increases from 2mm at the frontal lobes to a max: frontal horns; comma shape; 3-6 mm
in coronal the choroid plexus becomes enlarged at the level of the __ and can almost fill the entire ventricular cavity. ultrasound depicts the choroid plexus as a very __ structure inside the ventricular cavities surrounding the thalmic __.: atrium; echogenic; nuclei
in coronal, the cavum septum pellucidum appears as a midline __ to cystic structure separating the __ and __ horns of the lateral ventricles. the septum constitutes the internal wall of the bodies and posterior part of the frontal horns.: hypoechoic; body and frontal horns
in coronal the __ constitue the inferior and lateral walls of the ventricles at the bodies and posterior part of the frontal horns. in very small infants it may have higher echogenicity than the rest of the brian parenchyma. the __ are located laterally: caudate nuclei; thalamic ganglia; white matter
sagittal sections of the head are made by rotating the coronal plane approximately __ degrees. these sections are viewed with anterior/frontal brain to the __ and the occipital portion to the __ of the screen: 30, left, right
to obtain studies in sagittal the probe is positioned over the anterior fontaneel with the scanning plane following the __ suture. the straight sagittal study shows the midline structures in teh __ and __ compartments. the straight midline view should b: sagittal; supratentorial and infratentorial; parasagittal
the __ structures shown by the sagittal studies are the corpus callosum, cavum septume pellucidum, and third ventricle: supratentorium
in sagitall the corpus callosum appears as two thin __ lines separated by a thin non-echogenic space. the septum pellucidum appears as an anechoid structure immediately below the __. the third ventricle is normally anechoic and is located inferior to th: parallel, corpus callosum, cavum septum pellucidum; choroid plexus
in the straight sagittal plane, the __ structures visualized are the cerebellar vermis, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, supracerebellar and quadrigeminal cisterns, and brain stem. the __ of the cerebellum appears as very echo dense. the __ appears as: infratentorial; vermis; fourth ventricle
a hemorrhage in a baby head is __ not anechoic and looks like choroid plexus: echogenic
parasagittal for ventricular system should be able to see __, __, and __ horns of lateral ventricles. __ parasagittal studies are performed: frontal, body, and temporal. three
the first parasagittal image should be close to the midline to visualize the caudate nuclei in detail, because ___ begin in the germinal matrix that is located at the level of these ganglia: subependymal hemorrhage
parasag views present the frontal horn and body of the lateral ventricles, thalamus, head of the caudate nucleus and choroid plexus. the __ and __ appear as narrow non-echogenic cavities. the __ appears as a small (2-3mm in height) very echogenic struct: frontal and body horns; choroid plexus; floor
this parasagittal image is includes the entire ventricular cavity. these views show the ntire ventricular horns, choroid plexus including the glomus, thalami, caudate nuclei, and white matter superior and anterior to the lateral ventricles: second parasagittal
this parasagittal view images the white matter located lateral (externally) to the lateral ventricles. this view is useful in studying intraprenchymal hemorrhages, porencephaly, and periventricular leukomalacia: third ventricle
at __ weeks gestation the hemisphere and vermis in between cerebellum form: 12
sonographer must be familiar with specific anatomic structures within the brain to perform a complete sonogram of the head. the cranial cavity contains the brain and its surrounding __ and portions of the cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous __: meninges; sinuses
spaces between the bones of the skull that have not closed completely.: anterior and posterior fontanelle
this is located at the top of the neonatal head and may be easily felt as the "soft spot": anterior fontanell
the ant. fontannel starts to close at __ to __ months and is completely closed by __ months: 9-15 months ; 18 months (2 years)
is located at the back of the infant's head superior to the occipital protuberance; closes at two to six months; triangular in shape; only use this if you can't get all the anatomy from anterior fontanelle or to look at posterior fossa: posterior fontanelle
the probe is placed carefully on the __ to record multiple images of the brain in the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes, and parasag: fontanelle
the neonatal sonogram is performed to diagnose 3 main types of pathologies: __, __, and __: intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic/hypoxia lesions, congenital malformations
currently intracranial ultrasound imaging is the primary imaging mod for the neonatal head because its portable, inexpensive, __, and readily availabe at the neonatal bedside especially when evaluating unstable premature infants: non-invasive
sonography of the neonates is often performed for findings noted in an abnormal obstetrics ultrasound or in premature infants. real-time allows an __ sweep of the brain so that the continuity of structures can be followed. techs perform ultrasound exams: uninterrupted; premature, traumatic birth infants, infants with anomalies in utero
neonates that suffer a difficult delivery associated with __ or __ may be examined on ultrasoud. brian damage is one of the biggest worries in __ infants. intraventricular and subependymal hemorrhage occur in __ to __% of premature neonates under 34 we: hypoxia or asphyxia; premature infants; 40-70%; 2000g
at the end of the __ week after conception, cranial end of the neural tube differentiates into three primary brain vesicles: the __, __, and__: 4th; prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
the prsencephalon which is the forebrain differentiates into__ and__: diencephalon(immediate brain), telencephalon(end brain)
the diencephalon (immediate brain) becomes the __, __, and __: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
in the diencephalon embryology, thickenings appear in the lateral wall, which will become the __. at the same time, the thalami bulge into the third ventricle to reduce the ventricular __ to a narrow cleft. the talami fuse in the midline and form a fus: thalamus, lumen, mass intermedia, pituitary gland
hole in the area of the third ventricle that allows the 3rd ventricle to connect to the thalamus: massa intermedia
the telencephalon (end brain) becomes the ___ which is broken down into grey and white matter. in the floor of the lateral wall of each vesicle, a thickening of nerve cells develops that become the corpus striatus from which the ___ will develop. fibers: cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
the telencephalon or cerebral vesicles communicate with the cavity of the ___. invaginations of vascular pia mater form the __ of the lateral ventricles at this site: third ventricle, choroid plexus
the ___ is formed as teh mesenchyme is trapped in the midline with the growth of the hemispheres. this development separates the lateral ventricles from the third ventricle and separates the cerebral ventricles. at this point of development only the fron: falx cerebri,
becomes the midbrain and doesn't change as much as the other parts of the brain, except for considereable thickenings of its wall.: mesencephalon
it is the growth of large nerve fiber tracts through it that thickens its walls and reduces its lumen which becomes the ___ that connects the third ventricle to the fourth: cerebral aqueduct
four large groups of neurons form in the roof of the midbrain known as the ___ (___ and ___). in the basal portion of the midbrain fibers passing from the cerebrum form the ___.: quadrigerminal body (superior and inferior colliculi); cerebral peduncles
the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) undergoes flexion which divides into the __ and __. the __ demarcates the division between the two parts: metencephalon, myelencephalon; pontine flexure (bending of the pons)
the ___ becomes the closed part of the medulla oblongata and resembles the spinal cord both developmentally and structurally. once the medulla oblongata exits the brain it becomes the spinal cord: myelencephalon
the mesencephalon (midbrain) becomes the ___: cerebral peduncles
the metencephalon becomes the ___ and ___. the fourth ventricle forms from the cavity of the hindbrain and also contains choroid plexus such as the lateral and third ventricles. so the ___ forms from area of cerebellum: pons, cerebellum; fourth ventricle

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