Bio Exam 4

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Land plants evolved from?: green algae
the closest living relatives to land plants?: charophyceans
What are the four key traits between land plants and charophyceans?: 1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of a phragmoplast
non charophycean algae use what sort of arrays for cellulose synthesis?: linear arrays of proteins
charophycean algae use what sort of arrays for cellulose synthesis?: rose shaped complexes
what is the prupose of peroxisome enzymes: they help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photresperitation.
what is a phragmoplast?: an alignment of cytoskeletal elemens and golgi vesicles around the midline of a dividing cell.
what is sporopollenin?: a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from dying out in charophyceans.
what defines the plant kingdom: embryophytes(plants with embryos)
cuticle: covering consisting of polyesters and waxes that prevents dehydration.
what are the five key traits that separate land plants from charophycaens?: 1.apical meristems
2. alternation of generations
3. walled spores produced in sporangia
4. multicellular gametangia
5. multicellular dependent embryos
what are secondary compounds?: products of secondary metabolic pathways that aid in a plants survival. e.g. alkaloids and tanins
what are apical meristems?: regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots. The cells specialize later on like stem cells.
what are the two multicellular body forms that make up the alternation of generations in plants?: 1. Gametophyte
2. Sporophyte
Are the cells of the gametophyte haploid or diploid?: haploid (single set of chromosomes.
how is the gametophyte formed?: By mytosis of a haploid gamete.
what is the purpose of the sporophyte?: to produce spores.
Is the sporophyte haploid or diploid?: diploid(two sets of chromosomes)
what are the spore producing organs within the sporophyte?: sporangia
what are sporocytes: spore mother cells.
what is unique about plant spores: sporopollenin enriched walls
what are the names of the female gametangia?: archegonia
what are the names of the male gametangia?: antheridia
what are placental transfer cells: cells that help transfer nutrients to the plant embryo while it is in the archegonia.
what is vascular tissues?: tissue that transports water and nutrients through the plant body.
what are vascular plants?: plants that contain vascular tissue.
Non vascular plants are calle?: Bryophytes.
ferns are a part of which clade?: pterophytes.
club mosses are a part of which clade?: lycophytes.
seedless vascular plants consist of which two clade?: lycophytes and pterophytes.
seed plants can be divided into what two groups?: 1. Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms
What is unique about Gymnosperms.: Their seeds are not enclosed in chambers.
what is unique about Angiosperms.: Their seeds are enclosed in chambers.
Bryophytes consist of which three phyla?: 1. Hepatophyta
2. Anthecerophyta
3. Bryophyta
in bryophytes which stage is larger and longer living, sporophytes or gametophytes.: Gametophytes
What are protonema?: a mass of one cell thick filaments produced by a germinating moss spore.
what is a gametophore: the second half of a moss gametophyte, it produces gametes.
what two parts make up the body of a moss gametophyte.: 1. Gametophore
2. protonema
what are rhizoids?: long tubular single cells that anchor bryophyte gametophytes.
what three parts does the bryophyte sporophyte consist of.: 1. foot
2. seta
3. capsule
What is plasticity?: The ability of an organism to mold its self in response to the local environment.
What is morphology: External form.
What are the three basic plant organs?: Roots, stems and leaves
what is the function of the root system: anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals, and store organic nutrients
what does the taproot develop from: embryonic foot
what are lateral roots: branch roots that come from the taproot
describe a fibrous root system: no taproot, many small roots grow from the stem each with its own lateral roots.
roots arising from the stem are called?: adventitous
seedless vascular plants and monocots have which type of root system.: Fibrous root system
eudicots and gymnospores have which type of root system?: taproot system
what is root hair: extension of root epidermal cell, increases surface area, nutrient absorbtion, water absorption.
The stem system consists of ?: An alternating system of nodes and internodes.
what are nodes?: the points at which leaves are attached.
what are internodes?: stem segments between nodes.
What is an auillary bud: structure located between leaf and stem that has the potential to form a lateral shoot.
What is apical dominance: tendency for the terminal bud to grow while the auxillary buds are dormant. Makes the plant move towards light.
What is the purpose of a leaf: photosynthesis
what two parts does the leaf typically consist of?: 1. Blade
2. Petiole(stalk)
monicots have what sort of leaf veins?: parallel
eudicots have what sort of leaf veins?: multibranched
what is the dermal tissue system: equivalent of our skin.
the dermal tissue in non woody plants is called the: epidermis
the in woody plants old regios of the epidermis are replaced by?: periderm
the two vascular tissues are?: 1. Xylem
2. Phloem
what is the purpose of xylem: convey water and minerals up from the roots to the shoots
what is the purpose of phloem: transport organic nutrients such as sugars from where they are made to where they are needed.
the vascular tissue of a root or stem is called the ?: stele
Tissues that arent part of the dermal or vascular systems are part of?: the ground tissue system.
ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue is called?: pith
ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue is called: cortex
describe parenchyma cells: large central vacuole, perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, can devide and differenciate under special conditions.
describe collenchyma cells: help support young parts of the plant shoot, remain living and flexible.
describe sclerenchyma cells: supporting elements, thick secondary walls, mature cells cant elongate.
what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?: 1. sclerids
2. fibers
what is the function of sclerids: very thick secondary walls that impart hardness
what are the two types of water conducting cells?: 1. tracheids
2. vessel elements
what is the purpose of sieve tube members: transport sugars and nutrients
define indeterminate growth: the plant never stops growing
leaves undergo what type of growth: determinate growth(they stop growing)
How long do annuals live: a year of less
how long do biennials live: roughly two years
how long do perrenials live: till something kills them
apical meristems enable what type of growth: primary growth(roots and shoots extend in length)
lateral meristems enable what type of growth: secondary growth(growth in thickness)
what are the two types of lateral meristems: 1. vascular cambrium
2. cork cambrium
what is the function of vascular cambrium: adds layers of vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem)
what is the purpose of cork cambrium: replaces epidermis with peridem
what are initials: cells that stay in the meristem as sources of new cells
what are derivatives: cells that are displaced from the meristem and become specialized.
what is the purpose of the root cap: protect the apical meristem during root growth
what are the three zones of cells behind the root tip: 1. zone of cell division
2. elongation
3. maturation
in roots the stele is typically a ?: vascular cylinder
what is the purpose of cells within the ground tissues of roots: store nutrients and absorb minerals
what is the endodermis: cylinder one cell thick that divides the vascular cylinder from the rest of the root.
lateral roots arise from the?: pericycle
where is the pericycle located?: outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder
soil is a source of?: mineral nutrients
80 - 90 % of a plant is made up of: water
the bulk of a plants organic material comes from: CO2 absorbed from air
what is an essential element: a chemical element needed to complete a life cycle
how many essential elements are there?: 17
essential elements that are required in large amounts are: macro nutrients
define micro nutrients: nutrients needed in very small amounts, act as cofactors
what are the nine macro nutrients?: carbo, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, dulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium
what type of tissue can draw more nutrients when the plant is in short supply: younger tissue
what is humus?: remains of decaying organisms
topsoil is a mix of?: rock fragments, living organisms, humus
distinct soil layers are known as: horizons
most fertile soils are usually?: loams
a loam consist of ?: equal amounts of sand silt and clay
what charge of particles are more easily drained from the soil: negative
describe cation exchange: H= displace other cations from the soil allowing them to be absorbed by the plant
agriculture does what to soil?: depletes its mineral content
what does the NPK code define: the ratios of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in fertilizer
irrigation in arid regions can cause what problem: makes soil salty
the process of using plants to clean up waste in unusable soil is known as?: phytoremediation
what mineral has the greatest effect on plant growth?: nitrogen
plants can only absorb nitrogen as: ammonium or nitrate
what is nitrogen fixation: when bacteria convert N2 to NH3
nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by: nitrogenase
what are nodules?: swellings on the plant where it is infected with nitrogen converting bacteria.
how do legumes form symbiosis with only certain species of rhizobium bacteria: by the structure of the flavanoids it emits
describe crop rotation: a legume is planted after a non legume to replace nitrogen by nitrogen fixation
what are mycorrhizae: a mixture of roots and fungus that is benefitial
what are the two types of mycorrhizae: 1. ectomicorrhizae
2. endomicorrhizae
what is the the defining characteristic of ectomicorrhizae: they from a dense mantle over the roots
in angiosperms, which generation is dominant: sporophyte
angiosperms have what reproductive feature: flower
are flowers determinate or indeterminate: determinate
what are the four floral organs: 1. sepals
2. petals
3. stamens
4. carpels
what do the floral organs attach to: receptacle
what do sepals do: enclose and protect the floral bud before it opens
what is the anther: structure at the end of the stamen, produces pollen
what are the two parts of the stamen: 1. filament
2. anther
what are the three parts of the carpel: 1. ovary
2. style
2. stigma
if the ovary is above the stamens it is: superior
if the ovary is below the stamens it is: inferior
flowers with only functional stamen are called: staminate
flowers with only functional carpels are called: carpellate
plants with both carpellate and staminate flowers on the same plant are: monoecious
plants with both carpellate and staminate flowers on the different plants are: dioecious
when a microspore undergoes mytosis it generates what two cells?: 1. generative cell
2. tube cell
what is self incompatibility: a biochemical mechanism that prevents a plant from fertilizing itself
what is a microphyle: gap in the ovary that the pollen tube enters
what is the endosperm: food storing tissue of the seed
a simple fruit is one that deveolps from: a single carpel
an aggregate fruit is one that develops from: multiple carpels
what is imbibtion: when the germinating seed takes up water
what is the radicle: the embryonic root
what is vegatative reproduction: asexual reproduction of a plant
what is fragmentation: when part of a plant is hacked off and grows into a new plant
what is apomix: the asexual production of seeds
what is de-etiolation: when the plant switches from its growing underground strategy to its growing above ground strategy.
what are transcription factors: things that bind directly to dna and effect their transcription by rna
what is a tropism: a response the results in the curvature of a plant
what is auxin: idoleacetic acid, causes elongation of coleoptiles
what do expansins do: break the connections between cllulose microfibrills so that the cell can elongate
what do cytokins do: promote cell division
what do gibberellins do: promote stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination
what do brassinosteroids do: similar to auxin, promote elongation
what does abscisic acid(ABA) do: slow growth
when is ethylene produced: in response to stress or drought
what is vernalization: treatment with cold to induce flowering
what is an abiotic stress: a non living stress
what is a biotic stress: a living stress

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