Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Terms
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- 5 components of creativity
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- Expertise
- Imaginative thinking skills
- Venturesome personality
- Intrinsic motivation
- Creative environment
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Analytical Intelligence
- the ability to analyze and evaluate ideas, solve problems and make decisions
- Arbitrariness
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no inherent connection between symbols of a language and the meaning they convey
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Availability heuristic
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likelihood judged based on their availability in memory
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Belief bias
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preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning
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Belief perseverance
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clinging to one's initial conception, even after their basis has been discredited
- Cognition
- the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering (all of which are behaviors)
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Cognitive complexity
- the degree to which the learner must use different mental (cognitive) processesing in order to answer a question
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Concept formation
- the development of the ability to respond to common features of categories of objects or events
- Concepts
- mental categories for objects, events, or ideas that have a common set of features
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Confirmation Bias
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we seek information that confirms our own preconceptions
- Content Validity
- evidence of validity gained by showing that the test content is representative of a specified behavior
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Creative Intelligence
- involves going beyond what is given to generate novel and interesting ideas
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Crystallized Intelligence
- The repertoire of information, cognitive skills, and strategies acquired by the application of fluid intelligence to various fields
- Definition of Mental Retardation
- Disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
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Deprivation Effects
- Children in impoverished environments have lower IQs
- Displacement
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communicating about anything other than the present moment
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Emotional Intelligence
- the innate potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember, learn from, manage and understand emotions
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Extensive Support
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Regular, daily support is required in at least some environments
(e.g. daily home-living support) - Fixation
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inability to see a problem from a new perspective
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Flexibility of symbols
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because they're arbitrary, we can give symbols meaning
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Fluid Intelligence
- The ability, which is said to decline with age, to deal with essentially new problems
- Flynn effect
- An effect observed worldwide over the last several decades in which IQ scores seem to be rising
- Framing
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the way an issue is posed
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Functional fixedness
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tendency to think of things only in terms of intended functions or purposes
- Grammar
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system of rules that enable us to communicate
- Heuristic
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relying on past experiences
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Influences on Intelligence
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- Genetics
- Environment
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Insight
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answer comes to you through some unexplainable revelation
- Intelligence
- A mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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Intelligence Quotient
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a score derived from a set of standardized tests that were developed with the purpose of measuring a person's cognitive abilities
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Intermittent Support
- Support is not always needed. It is provided on an "as needed" basis and is most likely to be required at life transitions (e.g. moving from school to work)
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Limited Support
- Consistent support is required, though not on a daily basis. The support needed is of a non-intensive nature
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Linguistic Determinism
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Language determines the way we think
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Mental age
- the level of intellectual development as measured by an intelligence test
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Mental Set
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tendency to approach a problem in a specific way, expecially if it's been successful in the past
- Morpheme
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smallest unit that carries meaning
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Noam Chomsky and Inborn Universal Grammar
- proposes that the human brain contains a predefined mechanism (universal grammar) that is the basis for the acquisition of all language
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Normal Distribution
- bell curve
- Overconfidence
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tendency to be more confident than correct
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Pervasive Support
- Daily extensive support, perhaps of a life-sustaining nature, is required in multiple environments
- Phoneme
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smallest distinctive sound unit
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Practical Intelligence
- the ability that individuals use to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment
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Predictive Validity
- The accuracy of the prediction of a criterion value, based on a predictor value
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Problem Solving
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The cognitive process through which information is used to reach a goal that is blocked by some obstacle
- Productivity
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language is creative, not repetetive
- Prototype
- the BEST example or cognitive representation of something within a certain category
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Psychological tests must be
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- Standardized
- Reliable
- Valid
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Representativeness heuristic
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judge likelihood in terms of how well the event matches one's prototype
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Savant Syndrome
- a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
- Semantics
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rules by which we derive meaning
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Standardization group
- The group against which an individual’s test score is evaluated
- Syntax
-
ruels for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences