CS Test 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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address field(s)
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the memory addresses of the values on which an operation will work
- Arithmetic
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cause the arithmetic/logic unit to perform a computation
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arithmetic overflow
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an attempt to represent an integer that exceeds the maximum allowable value
- bits
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a contraction of the two words"binary digits"
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Boolean expression
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any expression that evaluates to either true or false
- Boolean logic
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area of mathematics that deals with rules for manipulating the two ligical values true and false
- Branch
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alter the normal sequential flow of control
- Compare
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compare two values and set an indicator on the basis of the results of the compare
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Data Transfer
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move information between of within the different components of the computer
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Decode Phase
- send the op code portion of the information register to the instruction decode, which determines its type
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execution of a program on a computer
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fetch, decode, and execute
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Execution Phase
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control unit curcuitry generates the necessary sequence of control signals and data transfer signals to the other units to carry out the instruction
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external representation
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the way information is represented by humans and the way it is entered at a keyboard or displayed on a printer or screen
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Fetch Phase
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the control unit gets the next instruction from memory and moves it into the information register
- gate
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an electronic device that operates on a collection of binary inputs to produce a binary output
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I/O Systems
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allow you to easily and efficiently use the many different types of input and output devices that exist on a modern computer system
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Information managers
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handle the organization, storage, and retrieval of information on mass storage devices such as the disks, CDs, DVDs, and tapes
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interconnection network
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allows processors to exchange messages and data
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internal representation
- the way information is stored in the memory of a computer
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intruction register
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holds a copy of the instruction fetched from memory
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Language services
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allow you to write programs in a high-level, user-oriented language rather than the machine language and to execute these programs easily and efficiently
- machine language
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instructions that can be decoded and executed by the control unit of a computer
- mask
- describes the circuit
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Memory managers
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allocate memory space for programs and data and retrieve this memory space when it is no longer needed
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operating system
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the program that controls the overall operation of the computer
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operation code
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a unique unsigned integer code assigned to each machien language operation recognized by the hardware
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program counter
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holds the address of the next instruction to be executed
- Scalability
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it is possible to match the number of processors to the size of problem
- Scheduler
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keeps a list of programs ready to run on the processor, selects the one that will execute next
- semiconductors
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materials used to construct transistors
- transistor
- device that can be switched between ON and OFF states
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truncation error
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the loss of accuracy that results from limiting the number of digits available
- User Interface
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gives the user an intuitive visual overview as well as graphical control of the capabilities and services of the computer
- Utilities
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provide useful services either to a user or to other system routines
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Virtual Machine/Environment
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the set of services and resources created by the software and seen by the user
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Von Neumann bottleneck
- the inability of the sequential one-instruction-at-a-time Von Neumann model to handle today's large-scale problems