Learning
Terms
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- Acquisition
- the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
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Backward conditioning
- US occurs before CS
- Chaining
- transforms a learned response into a stimulus for the next desired response
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Conditioned response
- a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning
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Conditioned stimulus
- a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
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Delayed conditioning
- the CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is presented
- Discrimination
- the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished
- Extinction
- the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus
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Fixed interval
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Reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time has elapsed
- Fixed ratio
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Reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses
- Generalization
- The tendency to associate stimuli, and therefore respond similarly to, due to their closeness on some variable such as size, shape, color, or meaning
- Habituation
- The cessation of a response upon repeated presentations of a stimulus
- Learnin
- refers to the process by which behavior is added to an organism’s repertoire. A relatively permanent change in behavior
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Primary Reinforcers
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- Present at birth
- Universal
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Secondary Reinforcers
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- Associated with other reinforcers
- Learned
- Non-universal
- Generalized
- Sensitization
- A change in behaviour or biological response by an organism that is produced by delivering a strong, generally noxious, stimulus
- Shaping
- Reinforcement of responses in the patient's repertoire that increasingly approximate sought-after behavior
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Simultaneous conditioning
- CS and US presented together
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Spontaneous Recovery
- after a rest period, the CS is again briefly able to elicit the CR
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Trace conditioning
- discrete event is presented, then the US occurs
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Unconditioned response
- an unlearned reaction/response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior conditioning
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Unconditioned stimulus
- a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without any prior conditioning
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Variable interval
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Reinforcement occurs unpredictably, the time varies
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Variable ratio
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Reinforcement occurs unpredictably