The Developing Person
Terms
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- Adolescence
- the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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Alzheimer's Disease
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- Characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally physical functioning.
- Caused by a deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine
- Attachment
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The emotional connection that infants and children develop toward their parents and others who care for them
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Authoritarian Parenting
- parents are highly controlling. They dictate how their children should behave. They stress obedience to authority and discourage discussion. They are demanding and directive
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Authoritative Parenting
- parents set limits and rely on natural consequences for children to learn from making their own mistakes
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt
- 1-3
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Concrete operational stage
- from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events)
- Conventional morality
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by early adolescence; level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules because they are laws and rules
- Gains approval/avoids disapproval
- Does duty to society/avoids dishonor or guilt
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Critical Period
- a time span when a particular part of the brain is most apt to develop and most vulnerable to environmental influences
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Critical Periods
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- Language
- Attachment
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Crystallized Knowledge
- Form of mental ability that includes material learned over the total life span and includes verbal ability, verbal reasoning, problem solving, and basic knowledge of one's world
- Deprivation of attachment
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- Typically developing or affected
- Behavioral Effects
- Physiological Effects
- Developmental Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
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Disagreement with Piaget
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- Cognitive development is continuous and not broken into stages
- Children more advanced than given credit for
- Disruption of attachment
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- Depression
- Emotional detachment
- Return to normal living
- Ego integrity versus despair
- 65+
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Fluid Intelligence
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The part of intelligence which involves the use, as opposed to the acquisition, of information
- Foreclosure
- when a person has made a commitment without attempting identity exploration
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Formal Operational stage
- after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning)
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Gernerativity versus stagnation
- 30-65
- Identity
- occurs when there is neither an identity crisis or commitment
- Identity Achievement
- occurs when an individual has gone through an exploration of different identities and made a commitment to one
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Identity versus role confusion
- 12-20
- Imprinting
- The process by which young individuals of a species acquire irreversible behavior patterns of that species
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Industry versus inferiority
- 6-12
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Initiative versus Guilt
- 3-6
- Intimacy
- the ability to form close, loving relationships
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Intimacy versus isolation
- 20-30
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Major problems of adolescents
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- Eating disorders
- Teenage pregnancy
- Dropping out of high school
- Moral Thinking--3 basic levels
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- Preconventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Postconventional Morality
- Moratorium
- the status of a person who is actively involved in exploring different identities, but has not made a commitment
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Origins of Attachment
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- Body contact
- Familiarity
- Responsive parenting
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Permissive Parenting
- parents are accepting and warm but exert little control. They do not set limits, and allow children to set their own rules and schedules and activities
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Physical changes in later adulthood
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- Women tend to live longer than men
- Physiological changes
- Neurological changes
- Immunological changes
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Physical changes in middle adulthood
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- For women – menopause
- Men do not experience an equivalent to menopause; however, they do experience a decline in sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection and ejaculation
- Postconventional morality
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Some who develop abstract reasoning of formal operational thought
- Affirms agreed upon rights
- Follows own basic ethics and principles
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Preconventional Morality
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before age nine; obey either to:
- Avoid punishment
- Gains rewards
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Preoperational Stage
- from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills)
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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Sexual organs (penis and vagina)
- Puberty landmarks
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- Females it is: Menarche
- Males it is the first ejaculation
- Secondary Sex Characteristics
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- Females – breasts and hips.
- Males – deepened voice and body hair
- Self Concept
- achieved by age 12 is a sense of one’s own identity and personal worth
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Sensorimotor Stage
- from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence)
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Separation Anxiety
- When an infant or toddler is anxious about being away from her primary caregiver
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Stranger anxiety
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A dislike or mistrust of unfamiliar people, often beginning around a baby's eighth or ninth month
- Teratogens
- Agents that cause the malformation of a developing fetus
- Trust versus mistrust
- 0-1
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What drives development?
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- Maturation
- Learning
- Zygote
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fertilized egg