Research Methodology
Terms
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- Case Studies
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Uses one person. Threats to internal validity.
- Control Condition
- A standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment.
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Correlational Design
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Determines whether two or more variables are meaningfully related. Does not prove causation. Measured using the correlational coefficient. Cannot infer cause and effect.
- Cross-Sectional Design
- Differing groups of people, differing ages, all measured at just one time.
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Deductive Research
- Start with a theory, create a hypothesis, test the hypothesis.
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that is being evaluated for change in response to the independent variable.
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Double Blind
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Neither the patients nor the experimenters know which group is the control, and which group is the experimental.
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Event Recording
- An observational technique in which the frequency of the target behavior is noted.
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Experimental Condition
- The procedure that is varied in order to estimate a variable's effect by comparison with a control condition.
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Experimental Design
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- Group Designs - control group and experimental group
- Single-subject design - within subject or across subjects
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Independent Variable
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The variable that is manipulated in an attempt to control the dependent variable.
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Inductive Research
- Starts with a question, conducts research to answer the question and arrives at generalizations.
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Interval Recording
- Takes a predetermined period of time and divides it into a number of shorter intervals. The observer records whether or not the targeted behavior occurred in each successive interval.
- Latency and Duration Recording
- Duration recording measures how long a specific behavior is exhibited. Latency recording measures the time in between the introduction of the stimulus and the desired reaction or behavior.
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Longitudinal Design
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Same group of people measured over time.
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Naturalistic Observations
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Measures of relevant variable are constructed. Same flaws as case studies.
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Operational Definition
- Set of criteria that tell scientists what to look for or what to do in order to carry out the measurement, construction, or manipulation of variables.
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Permanent Product
- Real or concrete objects or outcomes that result from a behavior
- Sequential Design
- Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal.
- Surveys
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Sampling. Threats to external validity
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Time Sampling
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Sample something at regular intervals.