matter, energy, metabolism
Terms
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- metabolism
- total of all chemical reactions in an organism
- catabolism
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1. degrade
2. release energy - anabolism
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1. build
2. use energy - potential energy
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1. stored energy
2. based on location or structure - kinetic energy
- energy of motion
- chemical potential energy
- potential energy in chemical bonds
- 1st law of thermodynamics
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1. energy cannot be created or destroyed
2. can be transferred or transformed - 2nd law of thermodynamics
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1. every energy transfer increases entropy in the universe
2. doing work results in release of heat during energy transfer - entropy
- disorder
- spontaneous reaction
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1. tendency towards stability = lower G
2. no energy input required
3. delta G less that zero - free energy
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1. G
2. energy in system that can perform work - endergonic reaction
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1. energy inward
2. energy must be input
3. delta G greater that 0
4. non-spontaneous
5. energy must come from outside system - exergonic reaction
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1. energy outward
2. net release of energy
3. delta G is less that 0
4. spontaneous
5. energy available for work - phosphorylation
- addition of Pi
- enzymes
- proteins that act as catalysts
- catalysts
- agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
- activation energy (AE)
- 1. energy initially required to start a reaction
- enzyme substrate complex
- enzyme and substrate are combined.
- lower AE affect on reaction rate
- speeds up reaction
- competitive inhibitors
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1. binds at active site
2. competes with substrate - non-competitive inhibitors
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1. binds elsewhere
2. changes shape of active site - allosteric regulation
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active site affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site
1. activating
2. inhibitory - feedback inhibition
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1. at high product, product binds enzyme and inhibits activity
2. prevents excessive product - ATP
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1. Adenosine triphosphate
2. ATP hydrolysis continually recycling
- ATP helps perform..
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1. Chemical: coupling exergonic with endergonic reaction
2. transport: moving ions against diffusion
3. mechanical: moving cellular structures