bio 212
Terms
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- macromolecule
- "big" molecule
- condensation/dehydration reaction
- lose one water molecule.
- hydrolysis reaction
- requires one molecule of water. opposite of condensation
- polymer
- built of repeating monomers
- monomer
- small building blocks
- carbohydrates
- sugars or polymers of sugars. energy reserve and structural function.
- monosaccharides
- monomers for carbs.
- structure of monosaccharides
-
1. # of C
2. location of C=O
3. arrangement of parts about C - glycosidic linkage
- covalent bond for carbs
- classification of monosaccharides
- aldose and ketose
- polysaccharide
- a polymer built up of repeating monomers. can be used for energy storage
- starch
- plants store starch for energy
- glycogen
- mammals store glycogen for energy
- cellulose
- polymers of monosaccharides. not branched
- lipid (fats and oils)
- water fearing. energy storage, insulation, protection
- fatty acid
- long C chain with reactive COOH group.
- unsaturated
- one or more double bonds. double bond=kink=NOT tightly packed=liquid (oils)
- phospholipid
- lipids with only 2 fatty acid tails. major component of cell membrane. hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
- cholesterol
- kind of lipid
- steroids
-
functions:
1. structural
2. sex hormones - amino acids
- monomer of polypeptides. 20 amino acids.
- characteristics of amino acids
-
1. variation in R group can group them together
2. Non-polar (hydrophobic)
3. Polar (hydrophilic)
4. Charged - polypeptide
- involved in nearly all process in living organisms
- peptide bond
- name of covalent bond in polypeptides
- disulfide bridge
- covalent bond in tertiary structure
- polynucleotide
- store and transmit hereditary info. program for cellular activity-genes
- nucleotide
-
monomer for polynucleotides.
3 components:
1. ribose monosaccharide (deoxy)
2. nitrogenous base
3. phosphate group - DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Has a direction: 5' to 3'. Sugar-phosphate backbone. antiparallel double helix
- RNA
- Ribonucleic Acid. relay DNA info into proteins.
- Differences between DNA and RNA
-
Monomer differences:
1. Not deoxy
2. No T, instead uracil (U)
Polymer differences:
1. RNA is single stranded - purine
-
6+5 C-N rings.
Guanine & Adenine - pyrimidine
-
6 C-N ring.
Cytosine & Thymine - phosphodiester linkage
- name of covalent bond for polynucleotides.
- complementary
-
T=A
C=G