PS2 IDs: 5th
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- - Islam
- o This refers to Islam as the religion, following the God Allah and the prophet Muhammad. Muslim countries are not necessarily bad hosts for democracy; in fact, many aspects of Shari’a law (Islamic governing law) would support democratic ideals. o Islam is the second largest religion in the world, with the majority of its constituents coming from Asia and Africa, followed by the Middle East.
- - Islamism
- o This refers to a political movement encouraging all Muslims to return to their roots and unite politically. It is very different from the religion of Islam: this is where a lot of the radicals and violence comes from. o Islamism is being fueled by the “male frustration hypothesis†and an increase in economic success in the developed (and mostly non-Muslim) world (alienation from the West).
- - Shari’a Law
- o The Muslim rule of law, regarding all aspects of life, from civil and criminal to personal and moral. o Shari’a Law is also taken into the rule of law for a lot of Muslim countries. Many Muslims don’t see the need for separation of church and state, so the Muslim laws are integrated with those of the state.
- - Al Qaeda
- o An Islamist extremist group that takes the literal meaning of Islam being the only true religion to mean that they should kill everyone who isn’t Muslim. o Al Qaeda is infamous for the attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001.
- - Two reasons why Islamist movements are rising in popularity
- o Too many young men with less women, so the men turn to something that will give their lives meaning (male frustration hypothesis -> inability to participate in society -> extremism). Islamism is also fueled by an increase in economic success in the developed (and mostly non-Muslim) world (alienation from the West). o The status quo has a large impact on Islamist movements. Strong population growth combined with economic stagnation has created urban groups in Cairo, Istanbul, Tehran, Karachi, Dhaka, and Jakarta, each with well over 12 million citizens, and millions of them young and unemployed or underemployed.
- - “Station of womenâ€
- o Much lower than that of men: women in Muslim countries 9% less literate than the world average, and usually live 6 years shorter (than world average). o Some say that this low station of women is what is holding Muslim countries back from democracy, and that if women were as involved in politics as men are, that their general moderateness would result in democracy.
- - Civil law vs. common law
- o Civil law is the law that is based on what is physically written down in a constitution. Common law is the common idea of what is right to do, often based on court cases (through precedence) that end up helping to develop the laws. o The laws of ancient Rome and Hammurabi’s Code are examples of civil law, while court decisions would be common law.
- - The rule of law
- o Machiavelli: why would rulers choose to be constrained by laws?; O’Donnell definition: the rule of law exists when government works its will through legislation, when all people have the right to equal treatment through the law, and when no one is above the law; there is no moment when the whim of the individual can justify their actions. o A successful democracy is difficult to have without the rule of law.