Sociology 101: Final Exam Terms
Terms
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- program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome institutional racism
- affirmative action
- skin color prejudice within an ethnoracial group, most notably between light-skinned and dark-skinned Blacks
- colorism
- unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, or sex
- discrimination
- sense of community that derives from the cultural heritage shared by a category of people with common ancestry
- ethnicity
- laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial and ethnic inequalities in a society whether or not the individuals maintaining these laws, customs, and practices have racist intentions
- institutional racism
- general terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common
- panethnic labels
- individual expression of racist attitudes or behaviors
- personal racism
- rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a different group, based on a social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, gender
- prejudice
- form of racism expressed subtly and indirectly through feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, and fear, which motivate avoidance rather that blatant discrimination
- quiet racism
- category of people labeled and treated as similar because of some common biological traits such as skin color, color and texture of hair, and shape of eyes
- race
- tendency for the race of a society\'s majority to be so obvious, normative, and unremarkable that it becomes, for all intents and purposes, invisible
- racial transparency
- belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior
- racism
- overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group
- stereotype
- subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of economics, law, politics, and other social institutions
- institutional sexism
- female-dominated society that gives higher prestige and value to women than men
- matriarchy
- practice of treating people as objects
- objectification
- male dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and value to men than to women
- patriarchy
- principle that women and men who perform jobs that are of equal value to society and that require equal training ought to be paid equally
- pay equity
- system of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and that justifies gender-based inequality
- sexism
- population\'s balance of young and old people
- age structure
- set of people who were born during the small era and who face similar societal circumstances brought about by their shared position in the overall age structure of the population
- birth cohort
- phenomenon in which members of a birth cohort tend to experience a particular life course event or rite of passage-puberty, marriage, childbearing, graduation, entry into the workforce, death-at roughly the same time
- cohort effect
- sociologist who studies trends in population characteristics
- demographer
- movement of populations from one geographic area to another
- migration
- phenomenon in which a historical event or major social trend contributes to the unique shape and outlook of a birth cohort
- period effect
- the process by which people leave rural areas and begin to concentrate in large cities
- urbanization
- condition in which rapid change has disrupted society\'s ability to adequately regulate and control its members and the old rules that governed people\'s lies no longer seem to apply
- anomie
- collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement
- countermovement
- process by which beliefs, technology, customs, and other elements of culture spread from one group or society to another
- cultural diffusion
- a steady rise in the Earth\'s average temperature as a result of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
- global warming
- coherent system of beliefs, values, and ideas
- ideology
- society in which knowledge, the control of information, and service industries are more important elements of the economy than agriculture or manufacturing and production
- postindustrial society
- collective action that seeks to change limited aspects of a society but does not seek to alter or replace major social institutions
- reform movement
- collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another
- revolutionary movement
- continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop or reverse change in some area of society
- social movement