Cytokine
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- monokines were thought to have been made by which cell?
- monocytes
- lumphokines were though to have been made by primarily which cell?
- T cells
- interleukins are made by which cell and act on which cell?
- made by leukocytes and act on leukocytes they are a good example of autocrine signalling
- Interferon cytokines are used in which type of infections frequently?
- Viral and INF cytokines are a good example of paracrine signalling
- What do chemokines do?
- important in directed migration of leukocytes
- What are growth factor cytokines function?
- stem cell differentiation
- True or false? Cytokines are synthesized in active and inactive forms?
- True
- True or false: Cytokines are self-limiting and have brief secretion?
- True
- True or false: Cytokines have low affinities and high concentrations?
- False. They are characterized by high affinity and low concentrations
- What mediates cytokine response? Signalling with a cytokine requires a ________ ?
- Receptor
- Where are ig superfamily receptors found?
- Some are found on T cells and Ab
- Chemokine receptors use which type of receptors?
- 7 transmembrane receptors (also these are g-protein)
- Interferons bind to which type of receptor?
- Class II
- Which subunit on the IL2 receptor family is the signal transducing chain?
- gamma chain
- What is the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor family known as?
- Cognate receptor
- Describe the effects of IL-2 receptor gamma chain deficiency on immune system?
- The immune system would suck really bad.
- What cytokine keeps hematopoietic stems cells circulating?
- stem cell factor
- What progenitor cell is common to NK, T and B cells?
- common lymphoid progenitor
- What cytokine is needed for common lymphoid progenitor --> nk,t,b cell maturation in bone marrow?
- Il-7
- what cytokine is needed for myeloid progenitor --> RBC differntiation?
- erythropoeitin/procrit
- pro b cells --> pre - b cells. this progession is mediated by which cytokines?
- IL-7 and c-Kit
- growth and proliferation of b cells occer afer Ag binding. which cytokine is a growth factor involved here?
- il-6
- t cell maturation or progression or something... is mediated by which cytokine
- il-2
- t cells become th1 cells because of which cytokines?
- ifn-alpha and il-2
- a th1 cell does what?
- produces cytokines and helps lyse virus infected cells, cell mediated immune response
- t cell becomes a th2 cell because of which cytokines?
- il4, il5, il6
- what does a th2 cell do
- humoral immunity, helps produce Antibodies
- in viral infections TLR receptors on immune cells recognize what to mediate response to virus?
- double or single stranded rna
- TLR3 and TLR8 recognize viral infections. what does this lead to production of (which cytokine?)
- interferon
- interferon I is known as what and can be found where?
- alpha and beta, on all cells
- interferon II is known as? found where?
- gamma, t cells
- when interferon expression is increased during viral infections, expression of ____ is increased in help t cells recognize virus infected cells?
- MHC
- T cells recognize viral infections. virally infected cells present what to t cells to mount immune response?
- MHC + viral peptide
- nk cells kill viral infected cells when the MHC expression is increased or decreased?
- decreased. some viruses prevent MHC expression, nk cells realize that something is up with that cell and it goes ahead and kills it.
- increased interferon expression also increases what to chew up infected host cells?
- RNAases and proteases
- TLR recognizes what in bacterial infections?
- PAMPs, esp LPS is recognized by TLR4. TLR5 recognizes flagella
- When TLR4 recognizes LPS, what type of response is generated?
- Acute Phase Response, increase activation of all cell types, adhesion molecules increased, tnf-alpha, il1, il5, il8, infgamma, fever upregulated
- what are two examples of acute phase host defense proteins?
- c reactive protein and complement proteins
- what does c reactive protein do? this was mentioned in lecture and in robbins
- targes for wbc destruction
- actute phase protein protease inhibitor alpha-1-anti tripsin does what?
- blocks proteases that might spill from wbcs that are used to destroy foreign substances
- actue phase protein that is an anti-oxidant?
- haptaglobin
- chemokines can be found on what types of organs?
- primary and secondary lymphoid organs
- what differentiates the many chemokines?
- cysteine motifs