Psychology: Sleep and Dreams
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- forms of experience that depart form the normal subjective experience of the world and mind
- altered state of consciousness
- naturally occurring 24 cycle
- circadian rhythm
- sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
- REM
- an instrument that measures eye movements
- electrooculograph
- difficulty falling asleep or staying awake
- insomnia
- disorder where a person stops breathing for brief periods while sleeping
- sleep apnea
- sleep walking
- somnambulism
- disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of walking activities
- narcolepsy
- experience of waking up and being unable to move
- sleep paralysis
- abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
- night terrors
- involves some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
- learning
- general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
- Habituation
- -when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally -evokes a response study of behaviors that are reactive
- Classical Conditioning
- something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
- unconditioned stimulus (US)
- reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditional stimulus
- Unconditioned response (UR)
- stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- reaction that resembles an unconditional response but is produced by a conditional stimulus
- conditioned response (CR)
- phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
- acquisition
- conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learnign from an earlier procedure in which it was uses
- second order conditioning
- gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
- extinction
- tendency of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
- spontaneous recovery
- some underlying neutral changes are saved no matter how many extinction trials are conducted
- savings
- CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original used during acquisition
- generalization
- avoiding a certain taste or food that one associates with sickness
- food aversion
- a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
- biological preparedness
- -type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future -exploration of behaviors that are active
- operant conditioning
- behavior that required an organism to do something, solve a problem , or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment
- instrumental behaviors
- the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
- law of effect
- behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
- operant behavior
- any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
- reinforcer
- any stimulus or even that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
- punisher
- positive reinforcement= something_______is______
- desirable is presented
- negative reinforcement= something_______is_______
- undesirable, removed
- postive= something______
- added
- negative=something_____
- added, removed
- T or F: Reinforcement is more effective than punishment
- T
- circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
- overjustification effect
- reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
- fixed interval schedule
- behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
- variable interval schedule
- an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
- fixed ratio schedule
- an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcements is based on a particular average number of responses
- variable ratio schedule
- operant condition principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
- intermittent reinforcement
- the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
- intermittent reinforcement effect
- learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximation to a final desired behavior
- shaping
- condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
- latent learning
- mental representation of the physical features of the environment
- cognitive map
- learning that takes place by watching the actions of others
- observational learning
- learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
- implicit learning
- dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning
- manifest content
- a dreams true underlying meaning
- latent content
- theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep
- activation synthesis model
- emergence of the ability to understand the world
- cognitive deveolpment
- stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy
- sensorimotor stage
- theories about or models of the way the world works
- schemas
- occurs when infants apply their schemas in novel situations
- assimilation
- occurs when infants revise their schemas in light of new information
- accommodation
- the idea that objexts continue to exist even when they are not visible
- object permanence
- stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence
- childhood
- stage of development that begins at about age 2 and ends at age 6 in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world
- pre-operational stage
- stage of development that begins at 6 and ends around age 11, where children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others minds
- concrete operational
- notion that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance
- conservation
- stage of development beginning at age 11 lasting through adulthood in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others minds and learn to reason abstractly
- formal operation stage
- the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
- egocentrism
- idea that the human behavior is guided by mental representations
- theory of mind
- emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
- attachment
- behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style
- strange situation
- 4 different styles of attachment
- secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
- set of expectations about how a primary caregiver will respond when a child feels insecure
- internal working model of attachment
- characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
- temperaments
- stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
- pre-conventional stage
- stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the event to which it conforms to social rules
- conventional stage
- stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
- post conventional stage