History 101 Terms and Dates Unit 2 part 3
Terms
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- -many on one fief -peasants worked and lived here -owned by lords -principle of economic and social order
- Manor
- farming just enough to make payments/support yourself
- Subsistence Farming
- managed manor
- bailiff/steward
- -lands belonging to the lord -peasants work 2 to 3 days on these lands
- Domain Lands
- -peasants lived here for security reasons -cattle grazed here
- commons
- -tied to the land -worked the land for the lords -not the same as slaves because they received some profits -can't be evicted from their land
- Serfs
- -devices used by lords to maximize profits
- horseshoe/horse collar
- -system used that rotated crops each year in order to produce more and maximize profits
- three field system
- -phrase used to describe peasants trying to escape serfdom by fleeing to cities
- "city air makes free"
- -Muslims who held control of the Middle East -seize Jerusalem -press towards Constantinople
- Seljuk Turks
- -pope who initiated the first crusade -joined with the Byzantines to defeat the Seljuk Turks
- Pope Urban II
- -Pope Urban spoke at this meeting urging western Christians to join the east to fight the Seljuk Turks and reclaim the holy land
- Council of Clermont (1095)
- -established by Crusaders during 1st crusade -Baldwin I first king ruling from Jerusalem
- Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
- -great Muslim leader -re-conquered Jerusalem in 1187 -known for his chivalry -Sunni Islam
- Saladin
- -Pope Innocent gathers together an army -can't afford transportation -easterners offered crusaders transport and money in exchange for help overthrowing Constantinople -almost none of these crusaders made it to Constantinople
- Fourth Crusade
- -1204 -crusaders capture______during the 4th Crusade
- Sack of Constantinople
- -made pilgrimage to Egypt -attempted to convert the sultan of Egypt, but didn't entirely succeed
- St. Francis of Assisi
- -led later crusades(1240,1270)
- St. Louis IX
- -battle between Crusaders and Saladin -Crusaders were slaughtered in this battle
- Battle of Acre 1291
- -1/5 of the population wiped out -came from a ship from the black sea -led to serious economic and political decline -also called Bubonic Plague -started in Asia
- Black Death (1347-1348)
- high degree of self governance granted from local nobleman
- charter
- association of craftsmen in a particular trade
- guild
- -cities involved in the transport of crusaders
- Genoa and Venice
- -reading of texts for grammar, rhetoric, and logic
- trivium
- -music theory -arithmetic -geometry -astronomy
- quadrivial
- -medieval system -was more a method than a definite doctrine -at home in universities -characterized by use of reason -interested in rational systematic organization of knowledge
- Scholasticism
- -if reason led you to a certain conclusion that was at odds with faith you made a flaw
- "negative norm"
- -dominican priest, theologian, and philosopher in the style of scholasticism -wrote the Compendium of Theology -championed Aristotle reintroduced his teaching in Spain and spreading them throughout Europe
- St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1254)
- want to organize all knowledge systematically
- Compendium of Knowledge
- -style of architecture that takes elements from Roman architecture -very heavy in style, very few apertures and windows -fortress-like -rounded arches
- Romanesque Architecture
- -statue located in the Cathedral of ______ in Germany -mystery to who the knight actually is
- Bamberg Knight
- -style of architecture dating from a more peaceful time period -less fortress like -stain glass -flying buttress -stronger upward thrust -this style becomes more complex as it develops
- Gothic Architecture
- -characteristic of Gothic architecture found in many cathedrals -used to transmit the horizontal thrust of a building through the walls to a counterweight outside the building
- flying buttress
- -cathedral that is the most well known example of Gothic architecture -has flying buttresses -famous for the blue color of its stained glass
- Chartres
- -gothic cathedral in Paris -also included gothic elements such as flying buttresses and stained glass -also know for its rose windows
- Notre Dame Cathedral
- -famous cathedral located in Venice -domes rather than tower -no stained glass -lots of mosaics -one of the best known examples of Byzantine architecture
- St. Marks Basilica