Vert.Morph. TEST2

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In the skeletal system, what is the name for the part that is everything BUT the skull: postcranial
The postcranial part of the skeletal system is made up of 2 parts. Name them.: Axial Appendicular
The axial part of the postcranial skeletal system is made up of what 3 parts?: -Backbone -Ribs -Sternum Rib and Sternum may or may not be present
The appendicular part of the axial skeletal system has two parts to it. What are they: Girdles limbs
The skeletal system is made up of two parts what are they.: Postcranial Skeleton Cranial Skeleton
Name the 3 sections of the cranial skeleton: Chondrocranium (=neurocranium) Dermatocranium Splanchnocranium
What is the first part of the skeleton that is laid down?: Chondrocranium (The other 2 are pretty much laid down together)
THe Chondrocranium forms 2 different type of cartilages. What are they called: Longitudinal Cart. Sensory Capsules (associated with sensory organs)
The Chondrocranium is sometimes called: neurocranium
What are the 3 kinds of feet: Plantigrade Digitigrade Unguligrade
When an animal (i.e. Monkey, humans) walks, the entire foot is planted on the ground. What is that called: Plantigrade
When an animal (ie. dog) walks, it walks with its digits on the ground. What is that called: Digitgrade
When an animal (i.e. deer) walks, it walks on its hooves. What is that called: Unguligrade
The elongation of the ungulgates' (ie. deer, horse, antelopes) limbs primarily come from the elongation of the ______________ of the limb.: Distal End
The distal end of the limb is considered the what: foot (i.e. metatarsels and metacarp.)
In Ungulates, stride and speed are increased how?: bc they dont put the entire foot on the ground
When looking at a skull (cat skull) you will see mainly __________ bc it covers the chondrocranium: dermatocranium
The cranial skeleton has 3 components. What are they called?: 1. Chondrocranium (= neurocranium) 2. Dermatocranium 3. Splanchnocranium
The Postcranial skeleton is composed of the ________ and ___________ skeleton.: 1. Axial 2. Appendicular
The Axial skeleton is composed of what 3 skeletal structures?: 1. Backbone 2. Ribs 3. Sternum
Each somite differentiate into 3 regions...what are the 3 regions?: 1. Dermatome 2. Myotome 3. Sclereotome
Dermatome refers to:: Dermis of skin
Myotome refers to:: Muscle
Scleretome refers to:: Parts of skeleton
Sclerotome cells surround and replace most of __________.: Notochord
Sclerotome cells form __________ and/or ______ __________ = vertebrae.: 1. Cartilage 2. Bone segments
One vertebrae formed from parts of 2 _______ _________.: Primary Scleretome
The main part of the vertebra is the __________ and it encloses the ___________.: 1. Centrum 2. Notochord
Name the 3 main parts of a developed vertebra:: 1. Centrum 2. Arches 3. Apophyses
The 2 types of arches, _______ and ________, develop from cartilaginous wings called _________.: 1. Neural 2. Hemal 3. Arcualia
Name the 2 types of apophyses: 1. Diapophyses 2. Parapophyses
The Diapophyses comes off the ________ ______.: Neural arch
The Parapophyses comes off the _________.: Centrum
List the 5 shapes of centra among vertebrae groups: 1. Acoelous 2. Amphicoelous 3. Procoelous 4. Opisthocoelous 5. Heterocoelous
Mammals have an _________ centra shape.: Acoelus
Fishes have an ______________ centra shape.: Amphicoelous
Anurans, lizards, and snakes have a __________ centra shape.: Procoelous (Pro = front)
Salamandars have an _____________ centra shape.: Opisthocoelous (Opis = behind)
Birds have a ___________ centra shape.: Heterocoelous (Hetero = different)
The suffix -coelous means _________.: Cavity
The Apophyses supports the _____ and _________ _________.: 1. Ribs 2. Vertebral column
Which cartilage from the Chondrocranium is associated with the sensory organs: Sensory Capsules
Name the 2 cartilages that make the longitudinal cartilage of the Chondrocranium: Prechordal Cart. Parachordal Cart.
This cartilage develops from the ethmoid plate (=ethmoid, some sphenoid elements of the skull) It is part of the Longitudinal Cart.: Prechordal Cart.
This cartilage develops into the Basal Plate and occipitals. (= occipital elements) It is part of the Longitudinal Cart.: Parachordal Cart.
IN the longitudinal cart., the sensory capsule is made up of what? (3 things): Olfactory Capsule- surrounds olfactory sac Optic Capsule- surrounds eye (=Sclerotic ring) Otic Capsule - surrounds ear
In the sensory capsules (of the Chondrocranium), what surrounds the olfactory sac: olfactory capsules
In the sensory capsules (of the Chondrocranium), what surrounds the eye: Optic Capsules
In the sensory capsules (of the Chondrocranium), what surrounds the ear?: Otic Capsules
This is another word that is used for the Optic Capsule that means that s surrounds the eye.: Sclerotic Ring
The Longitudinal Cart. and the Capsular Car(= sensory caps.) from the SKULL. It is said that the brain sits in it like a boat. Explain how the brain is enclosed .: They have a floor, partial walls, posterior roof for the brain and cartilagenous capsules around major sense organs
Another name for Sensory Capsules is: Capsular Cartilage
Dermatocranium develops from _________of head dermis and _____________: dermal bone neural crest cells
Actinopterygian and Crossopterygian/tertrapod pattern are the 2 patterns for the _______________.: dermatocranium
Which pattern in the dermatocranium tend to have more dermal bone and is found in MODERN fish (the fish you like to eat): Actinopterygian pattern
Which pattern in the dermatocranium has fewer dermal bones because of fusion: crossopterygian pattern
Dermal bone fuses to __________ and _________: Chondrocranium and splanchnocranium
Bones of the _____________ is often divided into 6 series of bones (bones in a series): Dermatocranium
Name the 6 series of bone in the dermatocranium: 1facial series 2 vault series 3 orbital series 4 temporal series 5 palatal series 6 mandibular series
Which series of the dermatocranium is made of the nasal, premaxilla, maxilla: facial series
Which series of the dermatocranium is made of the frontal parietal: vault series
Which series of the dermatocranium is made of the prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, jugal (=malar), lacrimal: orbital series
Which series of the dermatocranium is made of intertemporal, supratemporal, and squamosal: temporal series
Which series of the dermatocranium is made of the vomer, palatine, and pterygoid: palatal series
Which series of the dermatocranium is made of dentary , splenial, angular, coronoid: mandibular series
Not all vertebrates have the entire series of 6 dermal bones in the dermatocranium. Why: Some of the bones have fused together.. so there are representation of the bones
What brings about movement of the organism? (i.e. to run and catch food): muscular system
Movement of activities inside the organism like digesting food, moving urine out of bladder, air in and out of lungs, etc couldnt happen without the __________: muscular system
________ is used to generate heat (makes us shiver): muscular system
_________ is used to generate electric current that can be used to navigate and catch food (electric eel): muscular system
Name 6 ways that muscles can be classified: 1.location 2.nervous control 3. basic histology 4.color 5. contractile properties 6.embryonic origin
Another word for skeletal muscle =: somatic
Name 3 locations for muscles: Skeletal (=somatic) Visceral (organs) heart (cardiac)
Name the 2 ways muscles can be classified by the nervous control: Involuntary and Voluntary
T or F: Voluntary muscle is smooth, and is on the visceral and heart: false!! IT IS STRIATED and is found in the skeletal muscle
T or F : Involuntary muscle is smooth and is found on the heart and visceral: True
Name the 3 ways that muscles can be classified by basic histology: skeletal (=striated) smooth cardiac
Skeletal muscle's fibers are _________ and composed of __________.: multinucleated longitudinal bundles= myofibrils
Myofibrils are composed of __________ and __________: myosin (thick myofilaments) actin (thin myofilaments)
what are thin myofilaments called: actin
what are thick myofilaments called: myosin
The alignment of myosin and actin in myofibrils give muscles the ____________ appearance: striated
What are the myofibrils that are composed of repeating units called: sacromeres
What runs from one Z line to another: sacromeres
when muscles contract, what comes together: the z line
What theory is made because the overlap of myofilaments cause the sacromeres to shorten: sliding filament theory
Which band is composed of myosin and some actin and is dense and darker than all other bands: A Bands
Which bands extend from one "A band" to another. It is lighter: I Band
Which band is in the middle of the A band. It is really pale and disappears when muscles contract: H zone
When you contract your muscle, what spills out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum: calcium (important in muscle movement)
What zones, bands, and lines, decrease in width during contraction: "I" and "H"
As actin myofilaments get pulled over myosin myofilaments, it pulls _______ towards one another.. this is called _________: Z- discs Sacromere contraction
Sacromeres of myofibril all shorten together as ______and _______ slide over one another: myosin actin
A tubular network that stores and releases Calcium during muscle contraction and SURROUNDS MYOFIBRILS: sacroplasmic reticulum
What surrounds the myofibrils: sacroplasmic reticulum
sacroplasmic reticulum release leads to __________.: a contraction
What causes the release of the sacroplasmic reticulum that leads to a contraction.: nerve impulses
All myofibrils of the muscle fibers ________ together: shorten
Muscle fibers that are organized into bundles are called: fascicles
1 muscle fiber that is held together by what type of connective tissue: endomysium
a bundle of muscle fibers that is held together by what type of connective tissue: Perimysium
An entire muscle that is held together by what type of connective tissue: epimysium
The connective tissue of the muscle becomes part of the ______: tendon and perichodrium or periosteum
Myofibril is made up of _______ and _______: thick and thin myofilaments
When a muscle contracts, it pulls on ____________ which eventually pulls on ____________: connective tissue cartilage/bone
Skeletal muscles are organized into ____________: motor units
Nerve cell + muscle fibers = ___________: motor unit
When a nerve cell enters muscle, it splits and makes _______ with numerous muscle cells: neuromuscular junction
What happens when a nerve cell fires?: The motor unit is stimulated and the muscle fibers contract
T or F: An increase in motor unity that fire , result in an increase in force produced by the muscles: True
The union of the neuron and the muscle fibers =: neuromuscular junction
What type of muscle (smooth, cardiac, or skeletal) is associated with the viscera (i.e uterus, urinary bladder, gall bladder, blood vessels, bronchioles, etc): smooth muscle
What type of muscle are where the cells fusiform (spindle shaped) and is involuntary: smooth muscle
What type of muscle is where the cells are uninucleated in the center of the cell and look like unclear striation. fibers are narrower and branching: cardiac
cardiac muscle's cells are separated by ________ (which facilitate ion transfer): intercalated disks
_______ muscle contracts nervous stimulation (myogenic): cardiac
__________ muscle is used to pump blood: cardiac muscle
T or F: Smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nervous system: False : The cardiac muscle not skeletal
A way to classify muscles is by color. It is based of the amount of ____________: myoglobin (=respiratory pigment)
What classification isn't good and is an older classification scheme: color
A way to classify muscles is _____________. It has tonic and twitch fibers.: Contractile Properties
_______ fibers contract slowly and for a longer period of time.: tonic fibers
_________ muscles are common postural muscles in amphibians and reptiles, less so in fishes and birds, and is rare in mammals BUT found in the eye muscles: tonic fibers
where are the only tonic fibers found in mammals at: eye muscle
____________ produce faster contractions and is found in ALL vertebrates: twitch fibers
T or F: Twitch fibers are found in ALL vertebrates: true
Name the 3 basic kinds of twitch fibers: slow twitch fast oxidative fast glycolytic
Which twitch fibers do not contract really fast but they rarely fatigue: slow twitch
Which twitch fibers have a few # of mitochondria: fast glycolytic
Name the two types of arches: 1. Neural 2. Hemal
The neural and hemal arches develop from the cartilaginous wings also known as the _________.: Arcualia
The neural and hemal arches protect the _______ ______ and ________ ________ _________.: 1. spinal cord 2. caudal blood vessels
In aquatic verts, they have trunk and caudal vertebrates which offer little support to the _________ and _______ girdles.: 1. pectoral 2. pelvic
Terrestiral verts have 5 different types of vertebrates:: 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5. Caudal
The cervical vertebrates are used for turning the ______.: neck
The thoracic vertebrates are used to support the ______ and ________ _______.: 1. ribs 2. pectoral girdle
The lumbar vertebrates are used for supporting _________.: Weight
The sacral vertebrates are used for supporting the _______ _______.: pelvic girdle
Which twitch fibers have a high oxygen storage proteins (myoglobin) is known as the red muscle: slow twitch fibers
Which twitch fibers are known as the "dark" meat of fish and fowl and is found more in marathon runners: slow twitch fibers
Which twitch fiber is fast but fatigues slowly: Fast oxidative
Which twitch fibers have a large number of mitochondria = more efficient at breaking down glucose: Slow twitch fibers fast oxidative fibers
In the fast oxidative fibers, the ATP is from _______________: oxidation phosphorylation
Which twitch fibers are found in birds as the flight muscles (the meat is dark=more reddish): fast oxidative
What are the fastest twitch fibers called: fast glyclotic fibers
Which twitch fibers fatigue the fastest: fast glyclotic fibers
In the fast glyclotic fibers the ATP is formed by ______________: glycolysis
Which twitch fibers is the "white" breast muscle in domestic fowl ( quail, chickens etc): fast glycolytic fibers
The embryonic origin of classifying muscles into 3 sources What are they called: Mesenchyme, hypomere, paraxial mesoderm
What is another name for stem cells or undifferentiated cells: mesenchyme
What type of muscle from the embryonic development as a loose collection of mesoderm cells which is dispersed throughout the animal's body during the development: mesenchyme origin
__________ forms the smooth muscle of the blood vessel wall and viserca: mesenchyme origin
The medial walls (=_______________) encloses the _______ of the Hyopmere: splanchnic mesoderm gut
Lateral walls (=______________) form the outer lining of the ____________ of the hypomere: somatic mesoderm coelom
The Hypomere forms the the splanchnic mesoderm and somatic mesoderm. What else does it form?: the cardiac muscle
A: A
The Paraxial forms shortly after ____________.: neurulation
___________forms beside the longitudinal axis of body (i.e. along the neural tube): paraxial (which is from the embryonic dev)
What has segmented bodies of somites in the embryonic origin: paraxial
The somites of the paraxial divide into 3 things. What are they: dermatone, sclerotome, myotome
T or F; Myotomes form most of the skeletal muscle of the body: true
A relative FIXED site of the muscle attachment is called: origin
Relative MOVEABLE site of attachment is called: insertion
Bones serves as ________ with muscles: levers
________ exert force on muscles: muscles
The ribs articulate with the ________, serve as an attachment point for ________, strengthen the ______ _____, protects _________, and may aid in ___________.: 1. vertebrae 2. muscles 3. body wall 4. viscera 5. breathing
The _______ is found in terrestrial vertebrates with limbs but an exception is found with the turtles.: sternum
The ________ is not found in early amphibians or reptiles but is found in birds and very large and flight muscle attach out it.: sternum
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the _________ and _______.: 1. girdles 2. limbs
Name the two types of girdles: 1. pectoral 2. pelvic
Name the two types of limbs: 1. forelimbs 2. hindlimbs
The pectoral girdle consists of two basic components which are ___________ and ________.: 1. endochondral 2. dermal
In the pectoral girdle, name the 4 endochondral elements: 1. scapula 2. procoracoid 3. coracoid 4. scapulocoracoid
In the pectoral girdle, name the 5 dermal elements: 1. clavicle 2. cleithrum 3. supracleithrum 4. post temporal 5. interclavicle
The location of insertion can affect ________, _______, and _________ of skeletal element: force speed distance
more _________insertions = STRONGER movements: distal
___________ insertions = FASTER movements: proximal
_____________ yield greater movement than ____________ for muscles of same shortening distance: proximal insertions distal insertions
Bony fishes are dominated by ________ elements.: dermal
What is the only endochondral element found in bony fishes?: scapulocoracoid
Bony fishes are comprised of ______ elements which are closely associated with the ________.: 1. many 2. skull
In amphibians, we see a reduction in ________ elements and the ____________ elements dominate: 1. dermal 2. endochondral
In reptiles, birds, and mammals, ____________ elements dominate.: endochondral
Name the 3 endochondral elements that dominate in reptiles, birds, and mammals: 1. coracoid 2. procoracoid 3. scapula
In birds, we find a fusion of the clavicles which is called what?: furculum (aka wishbone)
In mammals, we may see the clavicles which are also known as what?: collar bones
The pelvic girdle is only composed of ____________ components.: endochondral
The greater the sectional area in muscle mechanics, the greater the ________ applied to the bone: force
T or F: In muscle mechanics, force is affected by the length of the muscle: False: NOT AFFECTED
If you want more force, one needs to build up more _______ inside muscle cells: myofilaments
Resistance to muscle stimulates growth of ______________: myofilaments
Lack of resistance, muscles will become __________ and eventually __________.: flaccid atrophy which means waste away
In fishes, the pelvic girdle is only composed of the ____________ bar or plate.: ischiopubic
In tetrapods, the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle is composed of the anterior _______ and posterior _________.: 1. pubis 2. ischium
On the dorsal part of the pelvic girdle in tetrapods, the ________ articulates with the sacral vertebrae.: Ilium
What is the socket called where the pubis, ischium, and ilium come together in the pelvic girdle of a tetrapod?: acetabulum
Name 2 types of appendages: 1. paired 2. unpaired
Pectoral and pelvic fins, legs, wings, arms are all examples of _______ appendages: paired
Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are all examples of _________ appendages: unpaired
In fish appendages, name the 3 sets of elements: 1. basal elements (=basal pterglophores) 2. middle elements (=radial pterglophores) 3. distal dermal rays (=ceratotrichia)
In tetrapod limbs, what are the 3 divisions?: 1. proximal 2. middle 3. distal
Longer muscles have more _____________ so it produces a faster speed over a longer distance: sacromeres
Which muscles has fibers that has a greater # of overall fibers whn compared to parallel muscles: pinnate muscles pinnate means feather like
Name 2 different fiber orientation on the muscles: pinnate and parallel muscles
Muscles ACTING TOGETHER to bring about movement (biceps and brachialis): synergists
The MAIN MUSCLE that moves the bone (biceps): prime mover
muscles that have OPPOSING FORCES on the bone (Biceps and triceps): antagonists
Muscles that support the joint during a muscle contraction ( Biceps, triceps during clinching of the fist): fixators
The postcranial system is made up of the _______ and __________.: axial musculature appendicular musculature
Who is gay?: Tyler Alexander
Axial musculature is derived from the _________.: trunk myotomes
Axial musculature is stimulated by __________: spinal nerves
_________ is above the horizontal septum. ________ is below it.: Epaxial musculature Hypaxial mus.
Where is the only place in terrestrial tetrapods that you see muscle segmentation: rectus abdominus
In tetrapods the axial mus. ________ in volume: reduces
In fish these two muscles help move the fish, in human these 2 muscles are not used for movement but are instead used to support the vert. column: epaxial and hypaxial
T or F: In tetrapods, you will see a gain of segmentation: false: you will see a loss
______ help support the backbone in tetrapods which help support the girdles and limbs: epaxials
Spinalis dorsi, longissimus dorsalis, and the iliocostalis are all muscles that make up the ________ in tetrapods: epaxials
Obliques, intercostals, rectus abdominus all make up the _________ in tetrapods: hypaxials
In tetrapods, the ________ supports the chest wall, abdominal wall, and is used for respiration: hypaxials
__________ musculature supports and moves the limbs: appendicular
Appendicular musculature develops from cells of the ______ that move into primordial limb bud: trunk myotomes
In tetrapod appendages, the _________ segment is composed of one bone that articulates with the girdle. Examples are the _________ in the forelimb and the _______ in the hindlimb.: 1. proximal 2. humerus 3. femur
In tetrapod appendages, the ________ segment is composed of 2 elements. Examples are the ______ and _______ in the forelimb; _______ and ________ in hindlimb.: 1. middle 2. ulna and radius 3. tibia and fibula
In tetrapod appendages, the ______ segment is divided into what 3 subdivisions. (hindlimb and forelimb): 1. distal 2. ankle, wrist 3. sole, palm 4. toes, fingers
Name the bones which comprise each distal segment subdivision: 1. ankle 2. wrist 3. sole 4. palm 5. fingers and toes: 1. tarsals 2. carpals 3. metatarsals 4. metacarpals 5. phalanges
Anurans have a fusion in the middle segment of their appendages. Name the 2 fusions: 1. tibiofibula 2. radioulna
The tibiofibula and radioulna are modifications which aid in __________ and __________.: 1. jumping 2. swimming
An alimals walks on its tarsals, metatarsal, and phalanges with a ____________ limb.: plantigrade
In a bird's forelimb, some metacarpals are fused to form a unique bone called the ____________.: carpometacarpus
In a bird's hindlimb, the fusion of the tibia and tarsals is called the __________.: tibiotarsus
What group of muscles is made up of the latissimus dorsi, trapezius muscles, triceps, deltoids: dorsal group
what group of muscles are made up of the pectoralis muscles and the biceps brachii: ventral group
The geniohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid and tongue all make up the _________ muscles: hypobranchial
Muscles in the throat came from the _______: somite
Jaw musculature is divided into what 2 groups: hypobranchials branchiomeric
Hypobranchial muscles form from the VENTRAL tips of the _______: somites
T or F: All hypbranchial muscles open mouth and expand oropharyngeal cavity: true
Branchiomeric muscles develop from the _________: somitomeres = less organized masses of mesoderm in the head
Branchiomeric muscles are stimulated by: cranial nerves
In a bird's hindlimb, the fusion of the tarsals and metatarsals is called the _______________.: tarsometatarsus
In a mammal such as a bat, the elongated metacarpals (2-5) and phalanges help support the _______.: wings
In a hooved animal such as a horse, the animal has an ____________ limb.: unguligrade
Hooved animals have a ______ of metacarpals, metatarsals and digits (1 and 5), a ________ of the metacarpals and metatarsals (2 and 4) and an ___________ of the metacarpal and metatarsal 3.: 1. loss 2. fusion 3. elongation
A deer and camel are examples of animals with a __________ foot.: paraxonic
A rhinoceros and horse are examples of animals with a ___________ foot.: mesaxonic
In fishes, the branchiomeric muscles are called: constrictor levators (which open and close jaws)
Mandibular, hyoid muscles, branchial muscles are part of the ______ muscles: branchiomeric
IN mammals, the masseter is homologous to the ______ inthe shark: palatoquadrati
IN amphibians, the _________ is homologous to the mandibular adductor of the shark: adductor mandibulae
IN mammals, the temporalis is homologous to the ______________ in the shark: spiracles
IN mammals, the trapezius complex is homologous to the _____ in sharks: cucullaris
In mammals, the __________ is homologous to the intermandibularis: mylohyoid
Branchiomeric muscles are innervated by the _______: cranial nerves
Number V cranial nerves is known as the: trigeminal
IN the cranial nerves, the number VII is known as the: facial
IN the cranial nerves, the number IX is known as the: glossopharyngeal
In the cranial nerves, the number X is known as the: vagus
IN the cranial nerves, the number XI is known as the: accessory
T or F: The cranial nerves helps us see homologies between groups of animals: True
Eye Musculature develops from the ____________: somitomeres
How many muscles are there in the eye: 6 and they rotate in the eye socket
The chondracranium is initially formed from 2 major sets of cartilages which are:: 1. longitudinal cartilages 2. sensory capsules
Name the 4 longitudinal cartilages: 1. trabecula (prechordals) 2. polar cartilage 3. parachordal 4. occipitals
Name the 3 sensory capsules: 1. nasal capsule 2. optic capsule 3. otic capsule
What the 2 groups of longitudinal cartilages?: 1. prechordal cartilages 2. parachordal cartilages
The prechordal cartilages develop into the _________ plate.: ETHMOID (ethmoid, some sphenoid elements of skull)
The parachordal cartilages develop into the _______ plate and ____________.: 1. basal 2. occipitals
The __________ capsule surrounds the olfactory sac.: olfactory capsules
The _____ capsule surrounds the ear.: otic
The ______ capsule surrounds the eye.: optic
Bones of the chondracranium seen in many vertebrates include (5):: 1. exoccipital 2. basioccipitals 3. supraoccipital 4. ethmoids 5. sphenoids
The _________ and ________ cartilages form the skull; has floor, partial walls, posterior roof for brain and cartilaginous capsules around major sense organs.: 1. longitudinal 2. capsular
Splanchnocranium develops from the: neural crest cells
Which cranium (dermatocranium, chondrocranium, or splanchnocranium) functions in respiration, feeding, sound production, hearing, and supports the tongue: splanchnocranium = visceral skeleton
__________ is called visceral arches and is modified in different vert. classes (typically see 5 arches): splanchnocranium
__________is initially a series of cartilages associated with oral cavity and pharynx: splanchnocranium
Dermatocranium develops from _________ and _______: dermal bones (of head) and neural crest cells

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