Bio 363- 1

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The primary Pit Field Wall is made up of what?: Plasmodesmata Cluster
Where does the "pit pairs" from at?: The Primary Pit Field
What is the Secondary Wall conduct between adjacent cells?: Pit Pair
-An intercellular community - arise over the primary pit field: Pit Pair
What is the cells living content?: Protoplasts
What is the first component of the protoplast?: Cell Membrane
-Outer protoplast boundary -mediates transport into and out of the cell: Cell Membrane
Composition of _________: - Phospholipids and Proteins -Fluid mosaic model: Cell membrane of the protoplasts
What is the second component of the protoplast? (Beyond the cell membrane): Cytoplasm
Class definition of Living Organism -: Entity with functional nucleic acids
Mutation -: DNA structural change
3 Types of Gene Point Mutations -: Insertion, Deletion, and Substitution
Microbiology: Study of bacteria and viruses
Mycology: Study of fungi and molds
Zoology: Study of animals and protozoans
Botany: Study of plants and algae
Paleobotanist: Studies of extinct living plants
Neobotanist: Studies of extant living plants
Phcology: Study of algae
Bryology: Study of mosses
Pteridology: Study of ferns
Spermatology: Study of seed plants
Physiology: Study of plant biochemistry
Cytology: Study of plant cells
Histology: Study of plant tissues
Anatomy: Study of plant internal structure
Morphology: Study of plant external structure
Composition of ______: - fluid matrix - cytoplasmic streaming: Cytosol of the protoplast
This means "cytoplasmic streaming.": cyclosis
Third composition of the protoplasts: Organelles
Specialized entities within cytosol in the protoplasts: organelles
There are 3 types of organelles. Name them.: 1. Double membrane Bound Organelles 2. Single Membrane Bound Organelles 3. Non-membrane bound organelles
Name the Double membrane bound organelle that is only found in plants.: Plastids
Name the 4 types of plastids.: Proplastids leucoplast chromoplast chloroplast
- Non-pigmented immature plastids - main job --> derives other plastids: Proplastids
-Non- pigmented plastid -Job --> stores starch: Leucoplasts
Phylogeny: Study of plant evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy: Study of plant classification
Class definition of a Plant -: Organisms that possess plastids
Plastid: Cell organelle associated with PSYN
True plant: Possess chloroplasts with DMBO and chlorophyll A and B
Leucoplast: Stores starch
Thallophytes: Non-embryo bearing plants
Embryophytes: Embryo bearing plants
Bryophytes: Non-vascular embryophytes
Tracheophytes: Vascular embryophytes
Pteridophytes: Non-seed bearing tracheophytes
Spermatophytes: Seed bearing tracheophytes
Gymnosperms: Non-flowering spermatophytes
Angiosperms: Flowering spermatophytes
Rank: Any level of taxonomic hierarchy
Taxon: Any entity within Rank
-phyta: Phylum standard ending
-opsida: Class standard ending
- Plastid where the carotenoid pigments dominate - job --> attract animals: Chromoplast
-Plastids where the Chlorophyll pigments dominate - Job --> conduct PSYN: chloroplasts
_______ interconvert given different environments (e.g. fall colors): Plastids
Pigmented innermost membrane of the double membrane bound organelles: Thylakoid vesicle
-Stacked vesicles - Site for light rxn - Derives ATP and NADPH: granium
-Fluid Matrix - site of Dark RXN (glucose): stroma
The evolution for the DMBO is via ______: Endosymbiotic Theory
name the 8 Ultrastructure for the chloroplasts in DMBO: 1. Outer membrane 2. inner membrane 3. thylakoid membrane 4. thylakoid vesicle 5. granium 6. stroma 7.DNA 8. Ribosomes
- known as "alleukaryotic cells" - site of aerobic respiration: Mitochondrion
Name the 5 ultrastructures for the mitochondrion: 1. Outer membrane 2. Inner membrane 3. Matrix 4.DNA 5. Ribosome
-ales: Order standard ending
Age of universe origin: 15 BYA
Age of our Sun: 5 BYA
Age of Earth: 4.5 BYA
Alexander Oparin: Oparin Theory - developed about the primitive Earth atmosphere
Stanley Miller: Miller Experiment - tested Oparin Theory
1st fossil organisms found in and were what?: 3.5 BYA and were prokaryotic heterotrophs
Autotrophic prokaryotes and PSYN evolved: 3.4 BYA
Cyanobacteria evolved?: 2.7 BYA
- another name for inner membrane - site for electron transport chain - derives ATP: cristae
-inner fluid -site for Kreb's cycle in the mitochondrion - derives ATP: Matrix
In the mitochondrion, is the DNA histone present or absent, prokaryote like or eukaryote like?: Histone Protein ABSENT Prokaryote Like
The evolution of the Mitochondrion is via ______________: endosymbiotic theory
- location of chromosomes - regulates cell metabolism - known that it is in most euk. cells: Nucleus
The evolution of the nucleus is via ____________: Autogenous Theory
Name the 5 ultrastructures for the Nucleus: Envelope pore nucleoplasm chromosomes nucleolus
Supporting evidence for cyanobacteria evolving: Stromatolite fossils
Aerobic respiration evolved: 2.5 BYA
Common name for prokaryotes: bacteria
Distribution of bacteria: Cosmopolitan - Worldwide
Habitat of bacteria: Ubiquitous - All habitats
3 growth forms of bacteria: Unicellular, Colonial, and Filamentous
3 cell forms of bacteria: Coccoid, Bacilloid, and Spirilloid
Capsule: Non-living gelatinous sheath and inhibits desiccation
Composition of capsule: Polysaccharides
Site in the nucleus where ribosome synthesize: Nucleolus
Part of the nucleus that has a double membrane: envelope
Part of the nucleus that host the fluid matrix: nucleoplasm
Part of the nucleus that has linear DNA wit histone proteins: Chromosomes
Evolution of the nucleus is via _______: Autogenous Theory
Name the 2 single membrane bound organelles: Vacuole and Peroxisome
Name the one non-membrane bound organelle: Ribsome
-Plant cells only - largest organelle - storage for the organelle: Vacuole
Name the ultrastructure for the vacuole (2): tonoplast and cell sap
The Cell Wall is a - - Function: - Non-living rigid layer - Supports and protects cell
2 Compositions of cell wall: 1. Peptidoglycans 2. Lipoplysaccharides
Peptidoglycans in bacteria: Protein sugar complex Always present
Lipoplysaccharides is composed of a - And is either _______ or absent: - Lipid sugar complex Present or absent
Gram Stain Test - Lipoplysaccharides absent ->: Gram +
Gram Stain Test - Lipopolysaccharides present - >: Gram -
Protoplast (bacteria): Living content beyond cell wall
Cell membrane (bacteria): -outer protoplast boundary -mediates transport into and out of cell
Mesosomes (bacteria): -membrane invagination -increases surface area -increases functional capacity
- Confined to PSYN cells - site for photorespiration: Peroxisome
Composition of _______: -RNA and Protein Complex - larger than prokaryotes: ribosome
Endo Membrane Systems 2 components: Endoplasmic Reticulum and golgi
The membrane distributed throughout the cytosol Its job is to transport and communicate through the system: E.R.
- ribsomes present -connected to the nucleus - site of enzyme synthesis: Rough ER
- Ribosomes absent - connected to the rough ER - site of the membrane synthesis: Smooth ER
An ER derived vesicle assemblage whose job is the packaging center for the cell exit: Golgi
Ultra structure for the Golgi (2): ER Pole and Membrane Pole
Which pole in the Golgi is in close proximity with the ER: ER Pole
Which pole in the golgi is in close proximity to the cell membrane?: membrane pole
An internal support system which is made up of microfilaments and microtubules: Cytoskeleton
A solid acting filament found throughout the cytosol which induces cyclosis: Microfilament
Hollow tubulin tubule that is found in cytosol: Microtubule
What is a propulsion appendage: Flagellum
IN a flagellum, is the 9+2 microtubule present or absent..... is a membrane resent or absent: both are present
Name the 3 cell cycles in a true plant: Interphase, Karyokinesis, and Cytokinesis
What phase is the interval between cell division?: Interphase
What is the longest phase in the cell cycle?: Interphase
Era - Precambrian: Before 570 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Cambrian: 570->500 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Odovician: 500->435 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Silurian: 435 -> 395 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Devonian: 395 -> 345 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Mississippian: 345 -> 325 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Pennsylvanian: 325 -> 280 MYA
Era - Paleozoic, Period - Permian: 280 -> 225 MYA
Era - Mesozoic, Period - Triassic: 225 -> 195 MYA
Name the periods in Interphase (3): G 1(=growth), Synthesis, G2
Which period in interphase: -prepares for repliciation - nucleotide synthesize: Growth 1 (G1)
Which period in interphase: -Replication Period -Chromosomes synthesize identical copies: Sythesis
Which period in interphase: -prepares for karyokinesis -microtubules synthesize: G2 (growth 2)
What means " nuclear division": Karyokinesis
2 Types of Karyokinesis: Meiosis and Mitosis
Phases of Karyokinesis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Which sexual reproduction doesnt have a chromosome reduction?: Mitosis
Which sexual reproduction does hae chromosome reduction?: Meiosis
Cytoplasm division: Cytokinesis
2 Types of Cytokinesis: Cell plate and furrowing (depends on plant on which on it does)
Era - Mesozoic, Period - Jurassic: 195 -> 140 MYA
Era - Mesozoic, Period - Cretaceous: 140 -> 65 MYA
Era - Cenozoic, Period - Tertiary: 65 -> 3 MYA
Era - Cenozoic, Period - Quarternary: 3 -> Present
Periods - Mississippian + Pennsylvanian =: Carboniferous
(Bacteria) Mesosome composition: Phospholipids and Proteins
(Bacteria) Cytoplasm: content beyond cell membrane
(Bacteria) Components of cytoplasm: -Cytosol -Organelles
Cytosol: Fluid matrix
In Eukaryotic Chromosomes, what is also known as chromosome pairs (maternal and paternal): Homologous Chromosomes
In Eukaryotic Chromosomes, what is known as replicated chromosome arms?: Chromotids
In Eukaryotic Chromosomes, what is known as sep. chromatids?: Daughter Chromosomes
In Eukaryotic Chromosomes, what is known as the microtubule?: Kinetochore (sp?)
In the composition of a Eukaryotic Chromosome, chromatin is found. What is chromatin?: Nucleic acid (DNA) and the Protein Complexe (Histones that are binding protein)
The evidence of the first mitosis occuring, happened how many years ago?: 1.5 MYA
What type of cells : -only undergoes mitosis -derives growth and maintenance cells -does NOT derive sexual reproduction cells -does NOT derive gametes or spores: Somatic Cells
Name the 3 cell phases for Somatic Cells: -Interphase (chromo. replicate) -Karyokinesis (mitosis) -Cytokinesis (by furrowing or cell plate)
What is the somatic cell cycle outcome?: 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Name the 4 phases in the karyokinesis stage of the Somatic Cell: 1. prophase 2.Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4.Telophase
In which phase of the karyokinesis stage of the Somatic cell cycle does the -nuclear membrane dissipate -chromosomes condense: prophase
In which phase of the karyokinesis stage of the Somatic cell cycle does the - chromosomes align along the equatorial plane -microtubules from spindle complex -microtubules attach to centromere/kinetochores: metaphase
In which phase of the karyokinesis stage of the Somatic cell cycle does the -spindle complex contracts and breaks down the centromeres -chromotids sep. -daughter cells are formed -chromosomes move to opposite poles: anaphase
In which phase of the karyokinesis stage of the Somatic cell cycle does the - spindle complex dissipates -nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes -2 daughter nuclei are formed: telophase
When in the vascular plant evolution did the thallus evolve?: about 750 MYA
The first evidence of meiosis occurred how many years ago?: about 570 MYA
What do the following produce when it undergoes meiosis: gametangia? sporangia?: 1. gametes 2. spores
The # of homologous chromosome set/cells determine what?: Ploidy Level
Which cycle undergoes BOTH mitosis and meiosis which derives BOTH gametes and spores?: Germ Cell Cycle
2 homologous sets= 2n =? 1 chromosome set= 1n =?: 2n= Diploid 1n= haploid
Interphase 1, Karyokinesis 1, Cytokinesis 1, Interphase 2, Karyokinesis 2, and Cytokinesis 2 show the stages for what?: Germ Cell Cycle Stages
What is the Germ Cell Cycle's out come?: 4 cells, NOT 2!! (haploid 1n cells)
Name the 3 types of gametes.: Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous
Which gamete has a male and female that are motile and identical in size?: Isogamous
Which type of gamete has a male and female that are motile, but the female is larger than the male?: Anisogamous
Which type of gamete has a female that is large and nonmotile and a male that is smaller and motile?: Oogamous
What is another word for fertilization?: syngamy
Two 1n gametes fuse together and make a zygote (2n) This is basically the definition of?: Fertilization
The first life cycle of a 2n cell is called what?: Zygote
When was the first evidence of sexual reproduction?: 570 MYA
What are the 3 types of sexual life cycles?: gametic, zygotic, and sporic
The gametic L.C. is for what?: animals and green algae
Name this sexual life cycle: -2n phase *gametangia (2n) *gametocytes (2n) - meiosis *gametes (1n) -1n Phase *gametes (1n) * syngamy -zygote (2n) -mitosis (which leads back to 2n phase): Gametic LC
The Zygotic LC is for what?: fungus and green algae
Name this sexual life cycle: -1n phase *gametangia *gametocytes (1n) * divides by Mitosis *gametes(1n) ~syngamy -2n Phase *Zygote (only 2n cell) - Meiosis ** Spores (which divides by mitosis and starts at the 1n phase): Zygotic LC
Which L.C. are inverse of each other?: gametic and zygotic
Which Life Cycle deals with plants and green algae?: Sporic Life Cycle
In the gametic L.C. which phase is multicellular and which is unicellular?: 2n = multicellular 1n= unicellular
In the zygotic L.C. which phase is multicellular and which is unicellular?: 1n= multicellular 2n = unicellular
Which life cycle has both the 1n and 2n phase as multicellular?: Sproic L.C.
Name this sexual life cycle: -2n *sporophyte ~you find sporangia ` sporocytes (2n) *undergoes meiosis *spores (1n) ~mitosis - 1n phase *gametangia ~gametocytes (1n) `mitosis *gametes (1n) ~syngamy: Sporic L.C.
What are the 2 life cycles that are only associated with the sporic l.c.?: Isomorphic LC and Heteromorphic L.C.
Which life cycle of Sporic LC is where the gametophyte and sporophyte have the same morphology?: Isomorphic LC
Which life cycle of Sporic LC is where the gametophyte and sporophyte have different morphology? (algae and embryophytes): Heteromorphic LC
What is the common name for the Kingdom Plantae?: True Plants
The first pigment of a true plant is chlorophyll A & B. The second pigment is cartenoids. What are the two types of cartenoids?: Carotenes and Xanthophylls
In a plant, food is stored and reserved as what?: Starch
The cell wall is composed of what?: cellulose
Around how many years ago did Chlorophyta evolve?: 900 MYA
What are the common names for Chlorophyta?: green algae or chlorophytes
The study of Algae: Phycology
What is a photosynthetic eukaryote that is lacking an embryo?: Algae
Algae used to be place in what Kingdom? What kingdom is it in now?: use to be in Kingdom Plantae now in Kingdom Plantae (bc it is closer to a TRUE plant)
How many species of algae are there?: 17,000 sp
How many species of green algae are there?: about 500 sp
Since algae is found world wide, some forms are ____________ or __________: aquatic and terrestial
A type of algae that is free-floating or swimming: phytoplankton
A type of algae that is aquatic that is known as bottom dwellers.: Benthic
A type of aquatic algae that is considered to be plant upon plant: epiphye
A type of terrestrial algae tat is a rock substrate: epilithic
A: A
A type of terrestrial algae that is a soil substrate: epipelic
A type of terrestrial algae that is a snow substrate: cryophytic
Unicellular species of algae evolved how many years ago?: 900 MYA
Multicellular species of algae evolved how many years ago? (ex Paleoporella): 550 MYA
What is the algae class standard ending?: -phyceae
What are the 3 classes of the chlorophyta?: -Chlorophyceae -Ulvophyceae -Charaphyceae
Which class under the Chlorophyta eventually led to the evolution of embryophytes?: Charaphyceae
Name the 5 growth forms of a Charaphyceae: unicellular (ex. Micrasteria) colonial (ex Volvox) Filamentous (ex. Spirogyra) -membranous (ex. Ulva) -Parenchymatous (ex. Chara)
What converts glucose into sugar and is found in the chloroplast?: Pyrenoid
Charophyceae has grana. What is grana?: stacked thylakoids
-Persisted Nuclear Membrane -Non-persisted karyokinesis spindle -daughter nuclei close post karyokinesis: Karyokinesis in Chlorophyceae`
- persistent nuclear membrane -persistent karyokinesis spindle - daughter nuclei separate post karyokinesis: Ulvophyceae
-Non-persistent nuclear membrane - persistent karyokinesis spindle - daughter nuclei sep. post karyokinesis: Charophyceae
-Furrowing -Phycoplast :present -microtubules align parallel in c. division: Chlorophyceae
What is a phycoplast?: cytokinesis spindle
-furrowing(not cell plate) -cytokinesis spindle :absent: Ulvophyceae
-Cell Plate (not furrowing) -Phragmoplast :present -microtubules align perpendicular to cell division -aligns golgi vesicle for plate formation: Charophyceae
(Bacteria) Reproduction 1. Sexual: Present or absent 2. Asexual: 2 Types: 1. Absent 2. Binary fission and Fragmentation
(Bacteria) Binary Fission 1. Division of cytoplasm or __________ occurs 2. Karyokinesis: Present or Absent: 1. Cytokinesis 2. Absent
(Bacteria) Fragmentation: Colony and filament break-up
Metabolism: Highly diverse respiration and nutrition
(Bacteria) 3 types of respiration modes: 1. Obligate anaerobes 2. Facultative 3. Obligate aerobes
Obligate anaerobes: - Utilize anaerobic respiration - O2 lethal - Confined to anaerobic habitats
Facultative: - Utilize anaerobic or aerobic respiration - O2 absent -> anaerobic respiration - O2 present -> aerobic respiration - O2 non-lethal
Obligate aerobes: - Utilize aerobic respiration - O2 required - Confined aerobic habitats
(Bacteria) 4 nutrition modes: 1. Heterotrophic 2. Autotrophic 3. Chemosynthesis 4. PSYN
Plastids and Mitochondria possess - DNA 1. __________ like 2. Histone proteins: Present or absent: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Absent
Which two parts of the Chlorophyta Cytokinesis has -apical insertion -multilayered structure : absent: Chlorophyceae and Ulvophyceae
Chemosynthesis - 1. energy source -> 2. Chlorophyll: Present or Absent: 1. Chemical energy 2. Absent
Bacteria chlorophyll - electron donor ->: Hydrogen Sulfide
True Chlorophyll - electron donor ->: Water
Cyanobacteria evolve true plt chloroplasts via ->: endosymbiotic theory
Phylum cyanophyta evolved ____ BYA: 2.7 BYA
Cyanophyta - 3 common name -: 1. Blue-green bacteria 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Cyanophytes
Cyanobacteria 1. Diversity - _____ species - _____ genera 2. Distribution 3. Habitat: 1. 200 species 15 genera 2. Cosmopolitan 3. Nearly ubiquitous Prefers water
Fossil evidence for cyanobacteria evolution: Fossil Stromatolites
(Cyanobacteria) Growth forms (3): 1. Unicellular 2. Colonial 3. Filamentous
Heterocyst: - Clear living cell - Polar nodules - Modified: N2 fixation
Akinete: - Dark thick-walled cell - Survives drought conditions - Modified: propagation
Necridium: - Clear dead cell - Fragments trichome
Hormogonium: - Trichome fragment - Modified: propagation
(Cyanobacteria) Cell wall 1. Gram + or Gram - 2. All _____ _____: 1. Gram - 2. Blue Green
Thylakoid -: Membrane with PYSN pigments
Thylakoid grana: present or absent: Absent
Grana -: Stacked thylakoid vesicles
PYSN pigments imbedded within _______: Thylakoid
(Cyanobacteria) ~1 PSYN pigment: Chlorophyll A = green
(Cyanobacteria) ~2 PSYN pigments (2): 1. Carotenoids 2. Phycobilins
Carotenoids 1. H2O ________ pigments 2. ________ - orange 3. ________ - yellow: 1. Insoluble 2. Carotenes 3. Xanthophylls
Phycobilins 1. H2O ________ pigments 2. ________ - red 3. ________ - blue: 1. Soluble 2. Phycoerythrins 3. Phycocyanins
(Cyanobacteria) Food reserve: Glycogen - glucose polymer
(Cyanobacteria) Flagellum: Present or Absent: Absent
Zooplankton: Protozoans
Phytoplankton (2): 1. Cyanobacteria 2. Algae
Lotic - ________ water: Flowing
Lentic - ________ water: Standing
N2 Fixation: N2 gas converted via nitrogenase to nitrates
3 Types of Cyanobacteria symbiosis: 1. Parasitism 2. Commensalism 3. Mutualism
Parasitism: 1 species benefits and 1 adversely affected
Commensalism: 1 species benefits and 1 unaffected
Mutualism: Both species benefit
Lichen is a _________ symbiotic relationship: Mutualistic
Lichen 1. Cyano provides -> 2. Fungus provides ->: 1. Glucose 2. Security
3 Lichen Growth Forms: 1. Crustose 2. Foliose 3. Fruticose
1. Crustose - _____ _____ growth form 2. Foliose - _____ _____ growth form 3. Fruticose - ________ growth form: 1. Crust-like 2. Leaf-like 3. Branching
4 Cyanobacteria representative genera: 1. Anabaena 2. Gloeotrichia 3. Merismopedia 4. Stigonema
Cyanobacteria evolve ______ ________: Green Bacteria
Phylum Cyanophyta 2 Common names: 1. Green Bacteria 2. Prochlorophytes
Green Bacteria - Diversity 1. ____ Species 2. ____ Genera: 1. 12 2. 3
Green Bacteria - Distribution - Habitat: - Tropical and Temperate - Strictly aquatic
Prochlorophytes 1st discovered as ___-______ ________.: Sea-squirt symbiont
(Cyanophyta) Thylakoid: Grana present or absent: Present
(Cyanophyta) ~1 Photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyll A and B
(Cyanophyta) ~2 PSYN pigments 1. Phycobilins: Present or absent 2. Carotenoids: Present or absent: 1. Absent 2. Present
Cyanophyta representative genus (1): Prochloron
Unicellular eukaroytes evolve - ____ - ____ BYA: 2.1 - 1.8 BYA
Eukaryote characters 1. Ribosomes: Large or small 2. Histone proteins: Present or absent 3. Sexual reproduction: Absent or present 4. DMBO - Present or absent: 1. Large 2. Present 3. Present 3. Present
DMBO 1. Def - 2. 3 examples: 1. Possess outer and inner membrane 2. Nucleus, Mitochondrion, and Plastids
Theory in attempt to explain nucleus evolution via mesosome specialization: Autogenous Theory
Plastid evolution scenario: heterotroph consumes autotroph via endocytosis and symbiotic relationship develops
Plastid evoution 1. Autotroph provides heterotroph - 2. Heterotroph provides autotroph -: 1. Glucose 2. Security
Mitochondrion evolution scenario: Identical to plastid evolution Exception: Aerobic prokaryote undergoes endosymbiosis
Plastids and Mitochondrion possess - Ribosomes 1. _________ like 2. Large or small: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Small
Plastids and Mitochondrion possess - Reproduction 1. __________ like 2. _______ fission: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Binary
Euglena evolved through _________ _________ event: 2nd endosymbiotic
Euglena has _______ and therefore not a _____ plant: 1. Triple MBO 2. True
(True Plant) Middle Lamella: - Area between adjacent plt cells - Bonds adjacent cells
(True Plant) Middle Lamella composition: Polysaccharide pectin
(True Plant) Cell Wall: - Non-living rigid layer - Structural support and protection
(True Plant) Cell Wall composition (3): 1. Cellulose 2. Micelle 3. Microfibril
Cellulose: Glucose polymer
Micelle: Cellulose assemblage
Microfibril: Aggregated micelles
Hemicellulose: Flexible-glue - bonds microfibrils
Macrofibril: Aggregated microfibrils
Pectin: Flexible-glue - bonds macrofibrils
Lignin: Rigid glue
(True Plant) ~1 Cell Wall 1. Derived _______ _____ ________ 2. High _______ content 3. Flexible or Rigid: 1. During cell growth 2. Pectin 3. Flexible
(True Plant) ~2 Cell Wall 1. Derived ______ ______ _______ 2. Deposited inward of ____ ______ 3. High ________ content 4. Flexible or Rigid: 1. After cell growth 2. ~1 growth 3. Lignin 4. Rigid
(True Plant) Plasmodesmata: - ~1 wall conduits between adjacent cells - Intercellular communication
Plasmodesmata - Ultrastructure (3): 1. Cell membrane 2. Desmotuble = ER Tubule 3. Cytosol
Which part of the Chlorophyta Cytokinesis has -subapical insertion -Multilayered structure; Large Microtubule root: present: Charophyceae
Antheridium is the _________. Oogonium is the what ________.: 1.Sperm 2. egg
Which is unicellular and which is multicellular? 1.Gametangia in Chlorophyceae and Ulvophyceae 2.Charophyceae 3. Chara: 1. unicellular 2.unicellular 3.Multicellular
The multicellular gametangia is identical with what?: embryophytes
The following shows the shared characteristics of what two things? -Chloroplast: grana present -Karyokinesis: persistent spindle -Cytokinesis: cell plate and phragmoplast -Flagella: subapical insertion _gametangia: multicellular: Charophyceae and Embryophyte
Charophyceae , like alga, evolved to ______________.: Embryophytes
What is parenchyma talloid fossil Alga which is from over 400 MYA?: Parka
What possesses the following: -Silurian -posses cuticule -Coleochaeta: Parka
This is an outer waxy layer that inhibits H2O loss. It also suggests terrestrial habitat.: cuticle
Reproduction of the Parka is sexual or asexual?: BOTH asexual (by mitosis and fragmentation) - Sexual (by gametic LC, Zygotic LC, and sporic LC)
This is a sex life cycle for what ? -Free Living Cells (1n) -Mitosis *gives rise to gametes(1n) -Syngamy *gives rise to zygote(2n) -Meiosis -Free living cells (1n) [Then starts back over]: Sex LC for Chlamydomonas
This is the sex life cycle for what ? -Sporophyte Generation (2n) (multicellular) -sporangium *will get sporocytes (2n) -meiosis -spores (1n) -mitosis -gametophyte generation (1n) (multicellular) -gametangia *will get gametocytes (1n) -divid: Ulva
The embryophyte LC evolution is via what theory?: Antithetic Theory
When the gametophyte and sporophyte is physically attached in the Embryophyte L.C.. It is best explained by what?: Antithetic Theory
The Proembryophytes evolved how long ago?: 430MYA
A Plant with Charophyte and embryophyte characters (eg. Algaophyton): Proembryophytes
Parka evolved into a Aglaophyton which eventually evolved into what?: Embryophytes

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