psych2260 CH VII, VIII & IX
Terms
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- somatoform disorders
- complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest a physical defect of dysfunction- often dramatic in nature- but for which NO physiological basis can be found
- pain disorder
- experiencing pain that causes significant distress and impairment; psychological factors are viewed as playing an important role in onset, maintenance and severity of pain
- body dysmorphic disorder
- preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance (facial wrinkles, excess facial hair, shape or size of nose, etc)
- hypochondriasis
- a somatoform disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with fears of having a serious disease, which persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary (patients seem to look up rare diagnoses, etc)
- conversion disorder
- sensory or motor symptoms- sudden loss of vision or paralysis- suggesting an illness related to neurogical damage of some sort, through the bodily organs and nervous system are found to be fine (there maybe, howeber, some biological causes; misdiagnosis is easy to make)
- aneshesia
- leg or arm paralysis, seizures, prickling, tingling or creeping on the skin; insensitivity to pain, loss or impairment of sensations
- hysteria
- this is the original term used for conversion disorders (from pre-, and freudian times)
- somatization disorder
- (briquet's sundrome) recurrent, multiple somatic complaints for which medical attention is sought but that have no apparent physical causes
- factitious disorder
- intentional production of physical symptoms (or psychological ones), including self-injury
- dissociative disorders
- experiencing disruptions of consciousness, memory, and identity
- dissociative amnesia
- person is unable to recall important personal information, usually after some stressful episode (not permanently lost, will return when amnesia disappears)
- dissociative fugue
- memory loss is more extensive; the person will not only become totally amnesic, but will move away from home and work and assumes a new identity (often quite an elavorate one) severe stress seems to be a caused all fugues are not necessarily permanent
- depersonalization disorder
- the person's perception or experience of the self is disconcertingly and disruptively altered. There is no disturbance in memory- thus being quite different from all other Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
- (multiple personality) when a person has at least two separate ego states, or alters different modes of being and feeling and acting that exists independently of each other and tha tcome forth and are in control at different times. There are gaps in memory (often), dur to non-contact between the carious personalities. Usually begins in childhood though rarely diagnosed until adolescence. A lot of controversy and arguement about this disorder.
- psychophysiological disorders
- characterized bu genuine physical symptoms, caused by or worsened by emotional factors (formerly: psychosomatic disorders)
- stress
- environmental conditions that trigger psychopathology
- selye's General Adaptation syndrome
- the description of the biological reaction to sustained and unrelenting physical stress 1) alarm reaction 2)resistance 3)exaustion
- Alarm reaction
- ANS activated by stress
- resistance
- ulcers from or organisms adapt to stress
- exhaustion
- organism dies or suffers irreversible damage
- stressor
- a stimulus from environmental conditions- electric shock, boredom, uncontrollable stimuli, catastrophic life events, daily hassles and sleep deprivation (death of loved one, matrimony, divorce, etc)
- Cardiovascular Disorders
- medical problems involving the heart and blood circulation sytem
- essential hypertension
- (primary) high blood pressure pre-disposes people to atherosclerosis (clogging of arteries), heart attacks, strokes, also kidney failure
- systolic
- (first number read off) ammount of arterial pressure when the ventricles contract and the heart is pumping
- diastolic
- (second number read off) degree of arterial pressure when the ventricles relaz and the heart is resting
- angina pectoris
- periodic chest pains, usually located behind the sternum and frequently radiating into the shoulder and arms (usually left side) Major causes: insufficient supply of ocygen to the heart due to coronary atherosclerosis (narrowing or plugging of the coronary aretries by deposits of fatty material) precipitated by physical or emotional extertion and relived by rest and medication
- myocardial infarction
- (heart attack) caused by insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart, more severe pain than in angina pectoris- results from the coronary artery disease- a general curtailment of blood supply through atherosclerosis, or from cornary occlusion (blockage by blood clot or fatty deposits), causing the death (or partial death) of heart muscle Risk factors: age, sex, cigarette smoking, high BP, high cholesterol, also generally either physiological or psychological stress
- asthma
- air passages and bronchioles in the lungs are narrowed, causing breathing (particularly exhalation) to be extremely labored (reflects dominance of the parasympatheic division of the ANS)
- anorexia nervosa
- (loss of appetite;emotional reasons) starving oneself to lose weight due to maladaptive perception of one's own body-size, and/or equal some model admired in fashions
- physical effect of anorexia
- can be (due to unrestricted uses of laxatives, not-eating, etc) low BP, heart rate slows, bone mass declines, skin dries out, nails become brittle, hormone levels change, also mild anemia can occur, as well as hair loss, and various electrolyte loss... final stage can be death
- bulimia (nervosa)
- "ox hunger" in greek having episodes of rapid consumption of enourmous amounts of food, followed by extreme steps causes similar results as anorexia
- purging type of bulimia
- vomiting (induced, and excessive laxative usage
- non purging type of bulimia
- fasting or excessive exercise to avoid weight gain. usually all occur in secret, triggered perhaps bu stress and negitive emotions
- binge-eating disorders
- recurring binges, lack of control during episodes, rapid eating and eating alone. DSM-IV categorization in need of further study as formal diagnosis
- hypothalamus in relation to eating disorders
- regulates certain hormones (cortisol) whose levels are not in balance- but these changes may be the result of starvation processes for anorexic people
- overprotectiveness (about anorexics)
- parents have extreme level or concern for others welfare