FMgtch16
Terms
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- motivation
- the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.
- content perspectives
- approach to motivation that tries to answer the question: what factor or factors motivate people?
- maslow's hierachy of needs
- suggests that people must satisfy fice groups of needs in order- pyschological, security, belongingness, esteem, and self -actualization
- ERG theory of motivation
- suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories-existence, relatedness, and growth.
- two factor theory of motivation
- suggests that people's satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by two independent sets of factors- motication factors and hygiene factors.
- need for achievement
- the desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past
- need for affiliation
- the desire for human companionship and acceptance.
- need for power
- the desire to be influential in a group and to control one's environment
- process perspectives
- approaches to motivation that focus on why people choose certain behavorial options to fulfill their needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after they have attained these goals.
- expectancy theory
- suggests that motivation depends on two things - how much we want something and how likely we think we are to get it.
- effort to performance expectancy
- the individual's perception of the probability that effort will lead to high performance
- performance to outcome expectancy
- the individual's perception that performance will lead to a specific outcome
- outcomes
- consequences of behaviors in an organizational setting, usually rewards
- valence
- an index of how much an individual desires a particular outcome; the attractiveness of the outcome to the individual
- equity theory
- suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they recieve for performance
- reinforcement theory
- approach to motivation that argues that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that results in punishing consequences is less likely to be repeated
- positive reinforcement
- a method of strengthening behavior with rewards or positive outcomes after a desired behavior is performed
- avoidance
- used to strengthen behavior by avoiding unpleasant consequences that would result if the behavior were not performed
- punishment
- used to weaken undesired behaviors by using negative outcomes ot unpleasant consequences when the behavior is performed
- fixed-interval schedule
- provides reinforcement at fixed intervals of time, such as occasional visits by the supervisor
- extinction
- used to weaken undesired behaviors by simply ignoring or not reinforcing them
- variable-interval schedule
- provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors regardless of the time interval involved, such as a occasional visits by the supervisor
- fixed-ratio schedule
- provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors regardless of the time interval involved, such as a bonus for every fifth sale.
- variable- ratio schedule
- provide reinforcement after varying numbers of behaviors are performed such as the use of complements by a supervisor on an irregular basis
- behavior modification OB Mod
- method for applying the basic elements of reinforcement theory in an organizational setting
- empowerment
- the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals, make decisions, and solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority
- participation
- the process of giving employees a voice in making decisions about their own work
- compressed work schedule
- working a full 40 hour week in fewer than the traditional five days
- job sharing
- when two part-time employees share one full time job
- telecommuting
- allowing employees to spend part of their time working offsite, usually at home.
- reward system
- the formal and informal mechanisms by which employee perrformance is defined, evaluated, and rewarded
- merit pay
- pay awarded to employees on the basis of the relative value of their contributions to the organization
- merit pay plan
- compensation plan that formally bases at least some meanigful portion of compensation on merit
- piece-rate incentive plan
- reward system wherein the organization pays an employee a certain amountof money for every unit she or he produces
- gainsharing programs
- designed to share the cost savings from productivity improvements with employees
- scanlon plan
- similar to gainsharing, but the distribution of gains is tilted more heavily toward employees