270 Ch 6
Terms
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- Worry
- Relatively uncontrollable sequence of negative, emotional thoughts that are concerned with possible future threats or danger
- Panic Attack
- A sudden, overwhelming experience of terror or fright - Distinguished from anxiety in 4 ways: more focused, less diffuse, more intense, sudden onset * symptoms must develop and reach a peak within 10 minutes
- Phobias
- persistent and irrational fears associated with specific objects or situations leading to avoidance
- Agoraphobia
- fear of public places in which signals associated with safety or familiarity are not present - anxiety about being in situations from which escape might be either difficult or embarrassing
- Obsessions
- repetitive, unwanted, or intrusive thoughts, images or impulses - they are unwelcome and often aggressive or nonsensical
- Compulsions
- repetitive behaviors, rituals used to reduce anxiety that are considered by the person to be senseless or irrational
- Panic Disorder
- recurrent unexpected panic attacks, one of which is followed by a period of one or more in which patient continues to have problems related to the attack (worry, anxiety, avoidance) - can be with or without agoraphobia (which often occurs as a RESULT of experiencing many panic attacks)
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- excessive anxiety and worry about a number of distinct events or activities that is debilitating over a period of at least six months - Must be accompanied 3 of the following symptoms: restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- presence of EITHER obsessions or compulsions - patient must recognize at some point that they are excessive or unreasonable - Obsessions: may be intrusive, unwanted, and unreasonable - Compulsions: must be driven by an obsession or a rigid rule - and must be aimed at reducing or avoiding distress or anxiety
- neurosis
- a term used to describe persistent emotional disturbances, such as anxiety and depression, in which the person is aware of the nature of the problem
- Social Phobia
- a marked persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (specific phobia)... BUT INCLUDES the additional element of performance. - performance anxiety and interpersonal interactions (such as dating and parties)
- Preparedness Model
- we are biologically prepared to develop phobias selectively to certain stimuli because doing so has evolutionary value - once conditioned, response to fear-relevant stimuli (spiders/snakes) are more resistant to extinction than those to fear-irrelevant stimuli (flowers) - may also explain social phobias: we may be prepared to fear faces that are critical, angry, or rejecting
- catastrophic misinterpretation
- of bodily sensations or perceived threat can lead to panic and behaviors that are counterproductive (increased HR can be misperceived as evidence of having a heart attack)
- Thought suppression
- attempting to avoid certain thoughts can make the thoughts more intrusive and increase the distressing emotions associated with the unwanted thoughts
- Flooding
- involves exposure to the most frightening stimuli rather than working from least to most frightening; success rates have been excellent using this method
- Situational exposure
- repeatedly confronting previously avoided situations
- Interoceptive exposure
- actions that induce the physical sensations (increased HR and respiration rate) that occur in actual panic attacks
- Anxiety disorders are:
- -highgly prevalent -strikingly disabling -surprisingly treatable
- Fear
- fight or flight response usually experienced in the face of immediate danger
- anxiety
- a more general and diffuse emotional rx that is out of proportion to environmental threat - adaptive at low levels - associated with pessimism & negative self-evaluation at higher levels
- Developmental Comorbidity
- Social phobia leads to MDD + Substance dependence
- Dispositional Comorbidity
- GAD + MDD share a common diathesis
- Probabilistic Comorbidity
- Specific phobia + delusional disorder, Somatization + Drug dependence
- Arifactual Comorbidity
- Double depression, social phobia + avoidant PD
- Emotional Disorders
- Anxiety disorders + Depression