nursing 101 exam 3

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an example of diagnostic surgery is:: a biopsy or invasive testing (cardiac cath)
cholecystectomy:: improve appearance
If a patient is not capable of giving informed consent or if the client is a minor, who can give consent?: a family member, conservator or legal guardian
joint replacement surgery is classified as what kind of surgery?: transplant
List the 4 parts included in a surgical consent form:: 1. type of surgery performed 2. the name and qualifications of the doctor 3. A statement that the risks and benefits have been explained 4. A statement that the client has the right to refuse surgery or withdraw consent at any time.
Procurement surgery:: when an organ or tissue is harvested from someone pronounced brain dead for transplantation itno another person
This involves the care of clients before, during, and after surgery: perioperative nursing
This is done to alleviate discomfort or other disease symptoms without producing a cure: palliative surgery
this phase beings when the patient enters the operating suite and ends when they are admitted to PACU: intraoperative phase
this surgery involves the removal of a diseased body part: ablative surgery
this surgery is performed to restore function: reconstructive
this surgery replaces a malfunctioning body part, tissue or organ: transplant surgery
this type of anesthesia produces rapid, unconsciousness and loss of sensation.: general anesthesia
urgent surgery is scheduled:: 24-48 hours to alleviate symptoms or repair/restore
what are antiembolism stockings?: elastic stockings that compress the veins of the legs and increase venous return to the heart
what body systems have a higher risk of infection postop?: GI, GU, respiratory tracts or repair of any penetrating injury
what duties is the circulating nurse in charge of?: assessing the client in the holding area, developing diagnoses, prepping the skin, positioning the client, ensuring client safety
what factors affect surgical risk?: age, type of wound, prexisting conditions, mental status, medications, personal habits, allergies
what is informed consent?: proof the physician presented information about the surgery and that the patient understood it and was not pressured to give consent.
what must accompany the patient to surgery?: the preop checklist and medical chart
when does the preoperative phase begin and end?: begins with the client's decision to have surgery and ends when the client enters the operating room
why do anticoagulants increase surgical risk?: they increase the risk for bleeding
why do antihypertensives increase surgical risk?: they increase the risk for hypotension during surgery and may interact with anesthetic agents
why do opioids increase surgical risk?: increases the risk of respiratory depression
why does aspirin and NSAIDs increase surgical risk: increase the risk for bleeding
Why is it important to be NPO 8 hours before surgery?: to decrease the risk of nausea and vomitting
some advantages of general anesthesia are:: patient is unconscious, muscles are relaxed, anesthesia can be adjusted
some disadvantages of general anesthesia are: respiratory and circulatory muscles are depressed, so mechanical ventilation is often needed, it creates a risk for death, MI, stroke, and malignant hyperthermia.
This is a rare, often fatal, metabolic condition that occurs during the use of muscle relaxants and inhalation anesthesia. The metabolism increases and temperature rises rapidly.: malignnt hyperthermia
this is an alternative form of anesthesia that provides IV sedation and analgesia without producing unconsciousness.: conscious sedation
this type of anesthesia prevents pain the the area of the procedure by interrupting nerve impulses to and from the area: regional anesthesia
this anesthesia produces loss of pain sensation at the desired site and used for minor procedures: local anesthesia
this in an injection of an anesthetic into and around a nerve or group of nerves: nerve block
this is a nerve block technique where there is a tourniquet on an arm or leg, local anesthesia is injected IV below the tourniquet level.: Bier block
where is spinal anesthesia injected?: into the CSF in subarachnoid space.
what might a headache in a patient who has had spinal anesthesia mean?: CSF is leaking
this requires a thin catheter to provide anesthesia: epidural anesthesia
what are the 5 variables that determine the position of the patient in the OR?: the surgical site, access to airway, need to monitor vitals, comfort and safety
to prevent shearing during operation, how should you move a patient?: lift, not slide
this phase begins when the client enters the PACU and ends when the client has healed from the surgical procedure: postoperative phase
the 3 phases of perioperative nursing are:: preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative
what 2 parts does the postop phase consist of?: recovery from anesthesia and recovery from surgery
how often do you assess the patient in the PACU?: every 5-15 minutes
Atelectasis: (and clinical symptoms): collapse of alveoli - decreased or absent breath sounds, decreased oxygen saturation, fever, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis, pleural pain
What are the clinical signs of a PE?: sudden onset of dyspnea, SOB, chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia, decreased oxygen sat, cyanosis
thrombophlebitis: (and clinical symptoms): blood clot and inflammation of the vein, usually in the legs - vein is red, hard, and hot to touch, limb is pale and edematous, aching, cramping in the limb, Homans' sign
what is Homans' sign?: pain in the calf when it is dorsiflexed
this is decreased blood volume: hypovolemia
this is the loss of the forward flow of intestinal contents due to decreased peristalsis: ileus
If a patient has less than 30 mL urine output and has rising BUN and creatinine levels, what might be happening?: renal failure
separation of one or more layers of a wound: dehiscence
protrusion of organs or tissues through the separated incision: evisceration
which is more important during preop period: A. administering preop meds B. assess NPO status: B. NPO status - if they have not been NPO, they are at a higher risk for aspiration during surgery
TRUE OR FALSE: Malignant hypertension is a rare, inherited complication of regional anesthesia.: FALSE: it is a complication of general anesthesia.
TRUE OR FALSE: all patients having surgery will undergo preop shaving of the hair covering the surgical site: False
What are the 4 ways surgeries may be classified?: by body system, by purpose, by degree of urgency, by degree of risk
what type of assessment is performed as part of the preoperative assessment?: a brief head-to-toe, unless specific concerns have been identified.
who is responsible for obtaining informed consent?: the surgeon
Why are sequential compression devices used?: for clients at a high risk of thrombophlebitis - they compress the veins, promote venous return and decrease venous stasis.
these are small, fluid-filled sac that act as cushions to reduce friction: bursae
kyphosis:: accentuated thoracic curve
a lateral "S" deviation of the spine: scoliosis
accentuated lumbar curve of the spine: lordosis
the average base of support is: 5-10 cm, 2-4 in
the average stride length is: 30-35 cm, 12-14 in
what 4 things can you do to assess balance?: tandem walking (heel to toe), deep knee bends, hopping in place, Romberg test
2 ways to assess coordination are:: finger-thumb opposition and running the heel of one foot down the shin of the other
clicking or grating at a joint: crepitus
Genu varum: bowlegs
A wide base of support and a shortened stride length reflect:: a balance problem
the best way to test muscle strength is:: repeating ROM against resistance
what do the Lovett/s Scale scores mean?: 5 - normal, full ROM against resistance 4 - good, most ROM against resistance 3 - fair, ROM against gravity 2 - poor - ROM with help against gravity 1 - trace - no joint movement 0 - no muscle contraction
this allows for 360 degrees of movement: circumduction
decrease in muscle to to disuse: atrophy
decrease of muscle tone: flaccidity
the elbow is this type of joint: hinge
the shoulder is this type of joint: ball-and-socket
to avoid injury while moving, you should:: have proper alignment, wide base of support, avoid bending and twisting, squat to lift, keep objects close when lifting, raise the beds, push vs. lift, get help!
a strain is:: the muscle
a sprain is:: tear of a ligament
this type of exervise is muscle contraction with no motion (like pushing a wall): isometric
this exercise is shortening and lengthening the muscle: isotonic
this exercise is using machine weights at the gym: isokinetic
this type of exercise is using oxygen: aerobic
this type of exercise is not using oxygen: anaerobic
what are some effects of immobility?: atrophy, joint dysfunction, pneumonia, venous stasis, increased coagulability, orthostatic hypotension, glucose intolerance
how much muscle do you lose for every week you are immobile?: 7-10%
What is Birchow's Triad?: says that venous stasis + vessel injury + coagulation = perfect for blood clots
what will you hear with a paralytic ileus?: nothing
a person with 2 cultures is: bicultural
an area of many different cultures is called: multicultural
the attitude that your ethnicity is the best is called: ethnocentrism
is the dominant culture always the largest group?: NO
males, females, nurses, doctors, people who speak German, the homeless - these are all examples of: subcultures
what are vulnerable subcultures?: the homeless, poor, mentally ill, people with disabilities, young, elderly, some ethnic and racial minority groups
these are the values, beliefs, and practices that people from all cultures share: cultural universals
these are the values, beliefs and practices that are special or unique to a culture: cultural specifics
what are some cultural specifics that affect health?: communication, space, time orientation, social organization, environmental control, biological variations, religions and philosophy, politics and law, economy, education
fold medicine, OTC and self care would fall under which health care system?: indigenous health care system
physicians and nurses are part of which health care system?: professional
this health care system is science based and takes aggressive action for illness or disease and is primary the US system: biomedical
accupuncture, going to the chiropractor or a dietician are parts of what health care system: alternative health care
the magico-religious group belives that what controls our health?: supernatural forces
this type of practice believes that you must have harmony in the body to achieve health: holistic
characteristics of our north american health system are:: biomedical system, value of technology, desire to conquer disease
how do we in north american define health?: the absence or minimization of disease
what is the largest subculture in health care culture in the US: nursing
some common nursing values are:: silent suffering as a response to pain, objective reporting and description of pain, use of nursing process, nursing autonomy, caring, knowledge, critical thinking
barriers to giving culturally competent care are: lack of knowledge, emotional responses, ethnocentrism, cultural stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, racism, sexism, language barrier, street talk/slang/jargon
what 3 aspects are part of Purnell and Paulanka's culturally competent care?: cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, cultural competency
this is what people in a group have in common, but it changes over time; also the behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways that guide a person's worldview and decision making: culture
this refers to groups whose members share a common social and cultural heritage that is passed down from generation to generation: ethnicity
members of an ethnic group have what in common?: some characteristics - it can be race, ancestry, physical characteristics, geographic region, lifestyle, religion
an example of an ethnic group would be: french canadiants, midwesterners, roman catholics, latinos
hispanic americans are people who originally came from: any spanish-speaking country
the term "latino" refers to people from: latin america
race is strictly related to: biology
this refers to an ordered system of beliefs regarding the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe: religion
this is the process of learning to become a member of a society or a group: socialization
immigrants assume the characteristics of that culture through a learning process called: acculturation
this occurs when the new members gradually learn and take on the dominant culture's essential values, beliefs, and behaviors: cultural assimilation
how long do experts believe it takes for an immigrant group to become acculturated?: 3 generations
alternative medicine is defind as therapies used: instead of the conventional medicines, whose reliability has not been validated through clinical testing in the US
the campinha-bacote model of culturally competent care views cultural competence as a ______, not an ___ ______ and used the mnemonic ASKED:: as a PROCESS, not an END POINT Awareness Skills Knowledge Encounters Desire
TRUE OR FALSE: A stereotype is a preconceived and untested belief about people or groups of people: TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Race is defined as the physical characteristics that are shared by a specific ethnic group: TRUE
Which cultural group is at high risk for sickle-cell anemia?: Blacks
what are the 4 components of the sensory experience?: stimulus, reception, perception, arousal
the trigger that stimulates a receptor is called: stimulus
the process of receiving stimuli from nerve endings: reception
the ability to interpret sensory impulses and the ability to give meaning to impulses is: perception
this is composed of consciousness and alertness that is mediated by the RAS is: arousal
this sensory disorder can have the following symptoms: irritability, confusion, reduced attention span, drowsiness, depression, delusions, hallucinations, preoccupation with somatic complaints: sensory deprivation
this sensory disorder can have the following symptoms: irritability, confusion, reduced attention span, drowsiness, muscle tension, anxiety, inability to concentrate, restlessness, disorientation: sensory overload
this is caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens that scatters light rays and blurs the image on the retina: astigmatism
this is the loss of central vision due to damage to the central portion of the retina: macular degeneration
this is the term for crossed eyes: stabismus
this occurs when one of the structures that transmits vibrations is affected: conduction deafness
this is the progressive sensorineural loss associated with aging: presbycusis
a term used to describe ringing in the ears: tinnitus
the hardening of the bones of the middle ear: otosclerosis
a middle ear infection: otitis media
the age group that sleeps the most is: newborns (16-20 hours a day)
stage I of sleep usually lasts: 5-10 min
stage 2 of sleep usually lasts: 10-15 min
stage 3 of sleep usually lasts: 5-15 min
stage 4 of sleep usually lasts: 20-50 minutes
stage 5 of sleep usually lasts: 5-30 min
this sleep stage is characterized by light sleep and can be awakened easily with regular, deep breathing: stage 1
this sleep stage is characterized by light sleep, easily roused, temperature, heart rate and BP decreases and accounts for 50% of sleep: stage 2
this sleep stage is characterized by deep sleep, person is difficult to rouse, muscles are very relaxed: stage 3
this sleep stage is characterized by very deep sleep, the person is difficult to awaken, body systems are slow in rate: stage 4
this sleep stage is characterized by dreaming, muscles and tendons are depressed, pulse is rapid and irregular: stage 5 (REM)
what are the 5 rights of teaching clients?: right time right context right goal right content right method
what are the 3 domains of learning: cognitive, psychomotor, affective
this type of learning includes memorization, recall, comprehension, ability to analyze and evaluate ideas: cognitive
this method of learning includes sensory awareness, imitation, performance of skills: psychomotor
this type of learning involves responding to new ideas, demonstrating commitment to new ideas, integrating new ideas into a value system: affective
what are some examples of teaching strategies?: simulation, role-playing, role-modeling, self-instruction, distance learning, CAI, gaming
the average infant needs how much sleep?: 14-16 hours
the average older adult needs how much sleep?: 5-7 hours
kids 6-12 need how much sleep?: 10-11 hours
young adults need how much sleep?: 7-8 hours
what are the 5 stages of illness behavior?: experiencing symptoms, sick role behavior, seeking professional care, dependence on others, recovery
this is your overall view of yourself: self concept
the inner voice people have that influences their self concept is called: internal locus of control
someone who lets external factors control their life is: external locus of control
true or false: mild anxiety is normal: TRUE
a person with this stage of anxiety can only focus on one particular detail or will shift the focus to extraneous details: severe anxiety
someone with this kind of anxiety becomes unreasonable and irrational and is unable to focus on even one detail in the environment: panic anxiety
depressive disorders are more common in: women
spiritual distress is associated with: depression
a person who is depressed most of the day for at least 2 weeks and has diminished interest in activities likely has: major depressive disorder
anhedonia is: the loss of interest or pleasure to previously enjoyable activities
this is referred to the physical changes that occur over time: growth
this is the process of adapting to one's environment over time: development
growth follows a _____ pattern: cephalocaudal pattern
the healthiest stage of life is: 19-40 years
any disturbance in a person's normal balanced state is: stress
good stress is called: eustress
what are the 3 major coping strategies for stress?: alter the stressor, adapt to the stressor, avoid the stressor
what is GAS: general adaptation syndrome - responses that all people share in the face of stressors
what are the 3 stages of GAS: alarm, resistance, recovery OR exhaustion
the fight or flight response occurs in this stage of G.A.S.: alarm
the goal of the resistance stage is to: maintain homeostasis
if adaptation is successful, GAS will end in what stage?: recovery
hypochondriasis is when a person: is preoccupied with the idea that they will become seriously ill
in this disorder, anxiety and emotional turmoil are expressed in physical symptoms: somatization
a disorder in which emotional pain manifests physically is called: somatoform pain disorder
malingering is when a person will: make a conscious effort to escape unpleasant situations by pretending to have symptoms
somatoform disorders are conditions characterized by the presence of: physical symptoms with no apparent cause, more likely from denial, repression, displacement of anxiety
this exists when an event in a person's life drastically changes the person's routine and he preceives it as a threat to the self: a crisis
when you can't cope effectively with the physical and emotional demands of the workplace you are experiencing:: burnout
longevity is: living a long life
gerontology is the: study of aging
the 3 components of a human being are: body, mind, spirit
characteristics of a healthy personality include:: self concept, identity, role performance, body image, self ideal, self esteem
our identity emerges from our: self concept
continuity confirms that:: as people grow, their basic personality does not change - spenders will be spenders, hoarders will be hoarders
which cohort makes up the largest segment of the population?: baby boomers - they have the largest birth rate
which current cohort is most rapidly increasing in size?: the old-old (WWI generation)
which cohort first experienced being "sandwiched" between their kids and their parents?: young-old (WW2)
the purpose of growth and development is to reach: maturity
when does aging begin?: conception
when does physical maturity end?: when humans reach early adulthood
when does mental/emotional maturity end?: with death
death is caused by: disease or injury, NOT old age
the core issues of spirituality are: faith, hope, love
forgiveness is a part of: love
this is the physical, psychological and spiritual response to a loss: grief
this is the action associated with grief: mourning
this is the period of mourning and adjustment time following a loss: bereavement
Rando's 6 "R's" of grieving are:: recognize the loss react to the loss recollect memories relinquish the old attachment readjust to the new environment reinvest the self
worden's 4 tasks of grieving are:: accept the loss work through the pain and grief adjust to the new environment emotionally relocat the deceased
what are the bowlby phases of grief?: shock and numbness yearning and searching disorganization and despair reorganization
an example of disenfranchised grief is:: someone mourning his mistress
the historical definition of death was: cessation of the flow of body fluids

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