Hist 1302 Test 2 Ron Wright

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Expansionism and the US: The US has been the most aggressive in the late 1800's, however, no overseas expansion till 1890's
Manifest Destiny: Written by John O'Sullivan; move West
Alaska Purchase: Bought by William Seward (under ridicule) for $10 mil; was sold by the Czar; Gold strike in 1899
William Seward: Bought Alaska, and suggested that we claim "Midway" (Hawaii)
US Foreign Policy: isolationist-no military alliance or international organizations; nonexpansionist overseas
In 1880 US Army was only 20k men b/c of...: general military distrust
World naval powers of 1880 were:: 1.Britain 2.France... 12. US (Portugal had a better navy)
US had Free Security, which means...: there was no threat from any other countries, no money was spent on defense
***4 "D"s (arguments) for US oversea expansion: 1.Dollars 2.Destiny 3.Defense 4.Duty
Dollars - argument for oversea expansion: Economic motivation- related to Markets and Resources; US had more exports than imports, and there was a desire for overseas resources
Destiny - argument for oversea expansion: Wealth=power (national greatness); it was the Age of Imperialism-world was being carved between countries
Defense - argument for oversea expansion: Admiral Mahan's book "Influence of Sea Power Upon American History" basically said Sea Power = World Power
***Three points in Mahans "Influence of Sea Power Upon American History": 1.US needs to build a merchant fleet 2.Build a modern steel fleet (battleship) 3.Colonies overseas for naval bases "coaling stations"
Following the points outlined in "Influence of Sea Power Upon American History," the US accomplished what 2 things?: 1.By 1898 the US was the 3rd World naval power 2.In 1887 the US had exclusive basing rights to Pearl Harbor
Duty - argument for oversea expansion: It was a moral obligation; views of Josiah Strong and Richard Kipling
Josiah Strong: wrote "Our Country" very racist book stating that anglo saxons were superior; backed the "duty" argument of oversea expansion
Richard Kipling: "White Man's Burden" point of view; backed the "duty" argument of oversea expansion
***What year was the Spanish/American War fought?***: 1898
Three main points in Mahan's "Influence of Sea Power Upon American History": 1.US needs to build a merchant fleet 2.Build a modern steel fleet (battleship) 3.Colonies overseas for naval bases "coaling stations"
Conditions for the start of the Span/Am War (America not yet physically involved): Cuba under Spanish control, high tariff on imported US goods dropped the economy; Cuban revolt of 1895-1898
How did Cuban rebels in the Span/Am war fight?: guerilla warfare
The Spanish army used what in the Span/Am war?: concentration camps
US broadcast of the Span/Am war: newspapers broadcast the revolt; associated press
US competitors in the coverage of the Span/Am war: William Randoph Hearst-NY Journal vs. Joseph Pulitzer- The NY World
US slant on Cuban revolt coverage: Papers nicknamed Gen. Weyler "Butcher Weyler; F. Remington helped create an anti-spanish frenzy
Yellow Press: F. Remington - artist who lied in his drawings; anti-spanish frenzy
What was the "spark" that ignited the Span/Am War: USS Maine; war declared w/ spain; "Remember the Maine, to hell w/ Spain"
Teller Amendment: Was to "Free Cuba," but they had to put the Platt Amendment in their constitution
Battle of Manila Bay - May 1 1898: First battle of the Span/Am war
In 1898 McKinley annexed...: Hawaii!
What treaty was signed in 1898?: Treaty of Paris
Anti-Imperialist League: Against taking the Phillipines; expensive and would involve us w/ Asian affairs
Phillipine Revolt: led by Emilio Aquinaldo; for Phillipino freedom
Emilio Aquinaldo: wanted complete Phillipino freedom, didn't like US control instead of spanish
To end the Phillipine Revolt:: W. Taft was brought in to "win the war"; carrot and stick tactics to win the support of the commoners; no place to hide; guaranteed phillipine independence
***Who are the 4 Progressive Presidents?: 1.McKinley-Rep 2.Theodore Roosevelt-Rep 3.W.Taft-Rep 4.Woodrow Wilson-Dem
The phillipines and China debates: Take the phillipines to serve as economic base into china? no resources there
China was being carved into____;"Treaty Ports" were necessary to ____: spheres of influence;the ability to sell to the Chinese
Open Door Policy letters stated what 2 things?: 1.Told China to open trade to all countries equally 2.No more territory to be carved from China (only this demand was listened to)
What country tested the open door policy?: Japan
The panama canal-started by ___; finished by___: The French Company (De'Lessep was the amazing engineer); the US (Roosevelt bought the French assets after their failure)
What bargain was struck w/ Panama that enabled the finish of the canal?: Panama got its independence in exchange for the same labor deal that the french got w/ them
Platt Amendment meant what?: Cuba became a "protectorate" of the US; have their own gv't but US has veto powers on their affairs; amendment rescinded in 1930's
The Theodore Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: Started the "policeman of the Americas" mentality by sending US forces to collect the Dominican Republic debt owed to Europe; strategic intervention to keep Europeans home
What 4 things happened during Taft's presidency?: 1.suggested US investment in Middle America 2.Economic increase 3.Less or no international "police-ing" 4.Dollar Diplomacy
What did the Dollar Diplomacy do?: It made economic intervention acceptable
What happened during Wilson's presidency that made moral intervention acceptable?: Pancho Villa attacked New Mexico and fled South; Villa chased into Mexico
What happened during the Progressive Reform Era in the US?: 1.US standard of living highest in the world 2.Urban middle class created (40% of population) 3.World Naval Power 4.Peaceful times
What 5 problems of the US were publicly displayed by "muckrakers"?: 1.materialism-Mark Twain's Gilded Age 2. Danger from monopoly (super rich) 3.Dire Poverty 4.How to assimilate immigrants? 5.Gov't solution/action? nothing
Jacob Riis: Impressive muckraker- He photographed how the poor were living, especially those in Dumbbell housing (12'x12' apts for 5 families); published "how the other half lives"
Main problems that the muckrakers were complaining were not addressed: City machines-corruption; Inertia-doing things the same way as in the past
***Who were the progressives? 6 points***: 1.Middle Class 2.Reformers not radicals 3.Bi-partisan 4.Optimists 5.Faith in Gov't 6."Enemies List"-City bosses and Robber Barons
What did the progressives want to accomplish? (3 things): 1.Make the US more democratic 2.Regulation of business 3.Make the National Gv't more active
***What were the 4 progressive amendments that made the US more democratic?***: 1.17th-direct senator election 2.19th-women's voting rights 3.24th-no more poll tax 4.(don't know)th-no literacy test
Pure Food and Drug Act passed by Roosevelt after:: Upton Sinclairs "The Jungle, Roosevelt had reports done on meat and drug production
18th Amendment: Ilegalization of alcohol (75% of counties became dry) rescinded by the 21st amendment
Exise taxes: "sin tax" on alcohol and tax on gasoline
Progressive Laws create: less liberties
A more active government causes what?: increased cost; income tax on those making above the national average, IRS created
World wide conscription of all men to armies occurred in what war?: World War I; Great Britain was an exception, it had no draft
***Who were the Central Powers in WWI?: Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Turkey
***Who were the Allies in WWI?: Belgium, Serbia, Britain, Russia, Italy, and France
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia b/c of___; leading to____: the murder of their national leader; a cascade of war declarations between the Allies and the Central Powers
Germany attacked France via: neutral Belgium
WWI locked ___ into the war that was believed to only last ____: every major European nation; 2-3months long max
WWI became a ___: stalemate- no country's war success plan worked
Why was WWI a stale mate?: Industrialization had changed warfare forever (unforseen casualties), first total war
New weapons of WWI: Machine guns, artillery fire (75% of casualties), and poison gas; caused killing to be distanced, not personal and bravery no longer counts
US was determined to do what related to WWI: stay out of the war (successful for 3 yrs)
WWI was a war of ___: attrition - pound each other until someone gives
US declared neutrality b/c: 1/3 of population were hyphenated americans
***Most Americans supported who? (allies or central power): pro Allies
Propaganda was used in WWI to market what?: patriotism
What country was for and which one was against US entrance into WWI?: British for, Germans against
How was it proposed to win the economic war of attrition?: Britain blockaded Germany, Germans sunk ships w/ U boats around England's coast
SS Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by U boats; 128 US lives lost
Sussex pledge: From Germany to the US stating a change of the unrestricted submarine warfare to not target specific ships when the US threatened to break diplomatic relations with them
Wilson's Peace Offensive: Diplomats sent to all European countries to stop the war (peace w/ out victory), and increases US battle supply productions -FAILURE
Wilson's reelection slogan: he kept us out of war
Germany drastically increased sub production from 1916 to 1917 to...: knock Britain out of the war in 6-months and win
The US broke diplomatic relations w/ Germany b/c of: unrestricted submarine warfare
US forced into the war b/c of: 1.Zimmermann Note 2.5 US ships sunk by Uboats
Zimmermann Note: Telegram to Mexico to ally w/ Germany (if US declares war on Germany, Mexico declares war on the US) Mexico would get NM, TX, and AZ if they won
How much of Congress agreed w/ entering WWI when Wilson asked?: 90%
***What were Wilson's 2 slogans for WWI?: 1."The war to end all wars" 2."Make the world safe for democracy"
***What role did the US play in WWI and how did it effect us?: US played a decisive role via the convoy system by breaking the U boat blockade
Selective Service in the US: Draft-kept the skilled labor force home to work, and sent unskilled labor off to DIE
How to convert peace to wartime economy:: 1.War industries board 2.Food administration 3.Committee of Public Information
***War Industries Board: Headed by Bernie Baruch- the czar of the Am. Economy; "Carrot and Stick" method
***Food Administration: headed by Herbert Hoover; to feed the US and the allies; "food will win the war"
***Committe of Public Information: headed by George Creel; "witch hunting"- anti-german; sauerkraut becomes liberty cabbage
All the heads of committees that were formed to convert the US economy to wartime worked for how much?: $1/year
Sedition Law: Most repressive US law; it was a federal crime to criticize the gv't, war, etc.
Results of the Sedition Law: 1500 arrested, 1000 imprisoned; Debs-passive socialist who was one of the first to test the law was sentenced to 10 years in prison
***Where did the US fight WWI?: France
In france, US soldiers nicknamed: Doughboys
American Expeditionary Force: AEF Led by John J. Pershing (nicknamed Black Jack b/c he previously served w/ blacks) Was the US armed forces sent to France in WWI
When the US entered the war Britain had how much food supply left?: 8 weeks
How did the US break the U boat blockade by 1917?: By sending masses of merchant ships flanked by destroyers
The fall of dynasties in Eurasia left room for what?: Dictatorship, not Democracy
Russian monarchy fell, and ___ took its place: Lenin and communism
How did Russia leave WWI?: Lenin pulled them out of the war, double dealing the allies and signing a treaty w/ germany
Germany's last great offensive: broke British defense and almost take their ports; tried for Paris and was halted 20 miles away; US helped to push them back into Germany
Germany sent orders to break the blockade w/ US and Germany for supplies: Full scale mutiny-raised red communist flags and the revolt spread through the gv't
Last day of the war-Armistice Day: fighting was to cease at 11a, but US fired off shells from 11a to midnight
Human cost of WWI: military-10 million+ dead (tomb of the unknown soldier)
Wilson's 14 points of peace w/out victory outlined at the Paris Peace Conference: 1.Freedom of the Seas- Britain laughed 2.Disarmament- France laughed 3.self-determination of all people- Italy wanted Austria 4.Collective Security- only success
self-determination: draw borders of countries based on nationality
***collective security: peaceful nations band together - LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Who wrote the ***treaty at the peace conf. (big 4) and who wasn't there?: 1.US-Wilson 2.Great Britain 3.Italy 4.France- George Clemenceau; Germany and Russia
George Clemenceau: "Tiger of France" he insulted Wilson in public
What place becomes home for the peace conference in may 1919?: Versailles Palace
It was a harsh treaty for Germany b/c of:: 1.No armies(only 100k people total)or technological weapons 2.war guilt clause
war guilt clause: Germany takes responsibility for starting the war- germany was in impermanent economic ruin
germany forced to sign treaty b/c: they were blockaded until the signing, even after the end of the war
Who was Foch?: Supreme commander of the allied forces, "there is no peace"; predicted WWII to the year

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