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Terms
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- Contact hypothesis
- The prediction that intergroup prejudice will reduce or be eliminated once the two groups are brought into contact with one another
- Illusory correlation
- The overestimation of the association between two variables that are either related weakly or not at all
- Implicit theories
- Our beliefs about the nature of personality and the behaviours, attitudes and values associated with certain types of individuals
- Ingroup
- Any group to which one belongs
- Ingroup bias (Favouritism)
- The tendency to favour and have positive affect for members of one’s own group than towards an outgroup
- Optimal-distinctiveness theory
- The theory that we can guess what groups someone will associate themselves with based on their want to be unique(uniqueness) and their want to belong (belongingness)
- Outgroup
- Any group to which one doesn’t belong
- Outgroup homogeneity
- The belief that members of outgroups are more similar to each other than are members of one’s ingroups (they all look alike)
- Minimal groups
- Groups formed on some random (arbitrary criteria) (i.e. random assignment to group A or B)
- Realistic conflict theory
- A theory that states prejudice and stereotypes and hostility come from competition between groups for limited resources
- Relative deprivation theory
- When groups perceive that they are at disadvantage relative to an outgroup in a certain goal, the group that feels disadvantaged will feel prejudice towards the other group
- Scapegoat theory
- When someone is shut down from obtaining their goal they may feel angry and they blame them not obtaining their goal on an outgroup and they feel prejudice towards them
- Social-identity theory
- A theory where it states there is a need for positive self-esteem that motivates individuals to perceive people in terms of ingroups and outgroups and it suggests people can gain positivity through their accomplishments or affiliation with a high status group.
- Subcategories
- Special separate cognitive categories for deviant (stereotype disconfirming) members if a stereotypes outgroup so that a stereotype can remain intact
- Superordinate goal
- A task which if it is to be completed successfully requires the cooperative efforts of two or more groups
- What were the findings in the car dealership study?
- Black males get offered the highest price for cars followed by women even though they were looking and acting identical to white males
- Does categorization occur spontaneously?
- Yes
- Why do we categorize?
- Because it makes things easier we don’t have to relearn things
- Stereotypes are ____ and _______ and are based on a ______________?
- Fast and efficient and are based on a kernel of truth
- Stereotypes tend to ___________________?
- Overgeneralize
- Do we tend to think of outgroups as all the same?
- Yes
- Why do we think the media treated the Jane Creba and Shantel Dunn stories differently?
- Because one was black and the other was white
- What does categorization make more noticeable?
- Intergroup differences
- What did the study in Philadelphia on crimes committed by blacks against whites on the news show?
- It showed that white victims are more newsworthy because black crime against whites is only 10% but on the news it accounts for 42% of all crime news stories
- What did the study on prejudice and parental influence reveal?
- It revealed that children will only be influenced if they identify with the parent
- What are some motivational reasons to stereotype?
- To see yourself as positive and to maintain status quo
- What are some social cultural reasons to stereotype?
- Cultural values and conformity