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Terms
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- Altruistic suicide
- As defined by Durkheim, self-annihilation that the person feels will serve a social purpose, such as the self-immolations practised by Buddhist monks during the Vietnam War.
- Anomic suicide
- As defined by Durkheim, self-annihilation triggered by a person's inability to cope with sudden and unfavourable change in a social situation.
- Attribution
- The explanation a person has for his or her behaviour.
- Autonomy
- A personality style associated with vulnerability to depression. It involves a defensive need to work toward achievement goals while being free from constraints imposed by others.
- Bilateral ECT
- Electroconvulsive therapy in which electrodes are placed on each side of the forehead and an electrical current is passed between them through both hemispheres of the brain.
- Bipolar I disorder
- A disorder in which people experience episodes of both mania and depression or of mania alone.
- Bipolar II disorder
- A disorder in which people experience episodes of major depression followed by a type of manic phase that is less severe than in bipolar I disorder.
- Brooding
- A moody contemplation of depressive symptoms - "What am I doing to deserve this?" It is a form of rumination that is more common in females than males.
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
- Atrophy of the brain, typically in response to a history of physical trauma to the head, as illustrated by the problems in aging reported by some professional athletes.
- Congruency hypothesis
- The prediction that people are likely to be depressed if they have a personality vulnerability that is matched by congruent life events (i.e. perfectionists who experience a failure to achieve). It is derived from research on personality stress, and depression.
- Cyclothymic disorder
- Chronic swings between elation and depression not severe enough to warrant the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
- Dependency
- A personality style associated with vulnerability to depression. It involves excessive levels of dependency on others.
- Depression
- A disorder marked by great sadness and apprehension; feelings of worthlessness and guilt; withdrawal from others; loss of sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and interest and pleasure in usual activities; and either lethargy or agitation. It can be an associated symptom of other disorders.
- Depressive paradox
- A cognitive tendency for depressed individuals to accept personal responsibility for negative outcomes despite feeling a lack of personal control.
- Depressive predictive certainty
- The concept that people become prone to depression when they perceive that an anticipated state of helplessness is certain to occur. It is derived from the hopelessness theory of depression.
- Dysfunctional attitudes
- The negative cognitive attitudes identified in Beck's cognitive model of depression that are believed to confer risk for depression. An example is believing that a person must be perfect in order to be loved and admired.
- Egoistic suicide
- As defined by Durkheim, self-annihilation committed because the individual feels extreme alienation from others and from society.
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- A treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain. Though an unpleasant and occasionally dangerous procedure, it can be useful in alleviating profound depression.
- Hypomania
- An above-normal elevation of mood; but not as extreme as mania.
- Learned helplessness theory
- The theory from Seligman and associates that individuals acquire passivity and a sense of being unable to act and to control their lives. This happens through unpleasant experiences and trauma against which their efforts were ineffective; according to Seligman, this brings on depression.
- Lithium carbonate
- A drug useful in treating both mania and depression in bipolar disorder.
- Major depressive disorder (MDD)
- An extreme form of depression that satisfies the number of symptoms required for the category of depression to apply.
- Mania
-
An emotional state of intense but unfounded elation evidenced in talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility, grandiose plans, and spurts of purposeless activity. - Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
- A group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating neurotransmitters of the central nervous system.
- Mood disorders
- Disorders in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion.
- Negative schema
- A hypothesized negative cognitive category proposed by Beck as part of his cognitive theory of depression. The negative schemas typically is composed of negative thoughts about the self. The schema is believed to influence what the person pays attention to and remembers (i.e. an excessive focus on negative information and feedback about the self).
- Negative triad
- In Beck's theory of depression, a person's baleful views of the self, the world, and the future; the triad is in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemata) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction.
- Overgenerality effect
- An effect stemming from the cognitive theory of depression that reflects the tendency for depression-prone people to recall broad negative memories with limited detail about the self.
- Persistent depressive disorder
- A combination of chronic depression and dysthymia.
- Phototherapy
- A treatment designed for people with seasonal affective disorder. It involves exposure to intense white light.
- Postpartum depression (PD)
- The depression experienced by some mothers after giving birth.
- Psychache
- The intense and intolerable psychological suffering and pain of suicidal individuals.
- Psychologizer
- An individual who emphasizes the psychological aspects and symptoms of depression.
- Ruminative coping
- A tendency to focus cognitively (perhaps to the point of obsession) on the causes of depression and associated feelings rather than engaging in forms of distraction.
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- The "winter depressions" that stem from reduced exposure to daylight.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- A major category of antidepressant drugs, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft).
- Self-criticism
- A personality style associated with vulnerability to depression. It involves excessive levels of self-criticism.
- Sociotropy
- A personality style associated with vulnerability to depression. It involves high levels of dependency and an excessive need to please others.
- Stroop task
- A measure of cognitive processing that requires respondents to identify the colour of a word while ignoring the word's content or meaning. It takes longer to colour-name a word if the word reflects a theme that is cognitively accessible for a particular individual.
- Suicide prevention centres
- Based on the assumption that people are often ambivalent about taking their own lives, these centres are staffed primarily by paraprofessionals who are trained to be empathic and to encourage suicidal callers to consider nondestructive ways of dealing with what is bothering them.
- Tricyclic drugs
- A group of antidepressants with molecular structures characterized by three fused rings. Tricyclics are known to interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by a neuron after it has fired.
- Unilateral ECT
- Electroconvulsive therapy in which electrodes are placed on one side of the forehead so that current passes through only one brain hemisphere.