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Terms
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- Social Psychology
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- Using scientific study or 5 scientific methods to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others.
- Social psych about individuals, sociology about group factors. - ABC's of social psychology
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Affect - Anything with an emotional component (emotionas, feelings and mood)
Behaviour - Verbal and nonverbal actions are measured
Cognition - thought, sensation, perception, processing and memory - History in social psychology
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History social psychology
- From the late 1800's psychology was a subfield of philosophy
- William James considered the father of psychology. Didn't do a lot of experiments but a lot of his theories were right without data
- Wundt did experimental psychology and opened the first experimental psychology lab. Mental events into numbers.
- Triplett experiment – performance affected by presence of others (cyclists slower training by themselves than with others)
- Lewin (father of social psychology)
- We don’t know anything about person’s MIND other than what they show called dyadic interactionism
- During WWII there was study of affective advertisements for war bonds and fear was the key feature
- Post WWII we wanted to discover how the nazi's could do this and there was the importance of milgram's obedience to authority theory
- Bystander apathy in the murder of kitty genovese. Something different is the jonestown suicide, don't drink the kool aid. - Interactionist perspective
- - An emphasis on how both an individual's personality and environmental characteristics influence behaviour
- Hypothetico-deductive scientific method/ experimental method
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- Has 5 steps
- 1. Examine past knowledge/research
2. Form a theory
3. Operationalize theory into hypothesis
4. Test hypothesis
5. Revise theory - Hypothesis
- A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.
- Theory
- An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.
- Independent variable
- A factor that experimenters manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable.
- Dependent variable
- A factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.
- Methods of social psychology
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- 5 methods of social psychology
1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Operational definition
4. Constructive validity
5. Qualitative and quantitative research - Basic research
- Research designed to increase the understanding of human behaviour, often by testing hypotheses based on theory.
- Applied research
- Research designed to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practical or social problems problems.
- Operational definition
- The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable.
- Construct validity
- The extent to which the manipulations in an experiment really manipulate the conceptual variables they were designed to manipulate. And the measures used in a study really measure the conceptual variables they were designed to measure.
- Qualitative research
- The collection of data through open-ended responses, observation and interviews.
- Quantitative research
- The collection of numerical data through objective testing and statistical analysis.
- Research designs
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1. Correlational designs
2. Quasi-experimental designs
3. Experimental designs
4. Meta-analysis - Correlational designs
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- Uses 2 dependent variables, no experimental manipulation so no random sampling.
- Issue is the third variable problem
- Need to perform an experiment to determine causality - Quasi-experimental designs
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- Not manipulating anything and no causality. Example theory of mind.
- No experimental manipulation
- Uses a subject variable - Subject variable
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- A variable that cannot be manipulated or randomly assigned, so it is neither an independent or dependent variable.
- A variable characterizes pre-existing differences among the participants in a study. - Experimental designs
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- Manipulated independent variable
- Random assignment
- Control group
- Independent variable causes dependent variable - Meta-analysis
- A set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.
- Random assignment
- A method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.
- Internal validity
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The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.
Experiment properly done. - External validity
- The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.
- Mundane realism
- The degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world.
- Deception
- In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.
- Confederate
- Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.
- Informed consent
- An individual's deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the research's description of what will be required during such participation.
- Statistical significance
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Odds are quite good, but not necessarily always perfect.
Possible it occurred by chance and is important in correlations. - Correlation coefficient
- When researchers examine the relationship between variables they can measure the strength and direction of the relationship between variables and calculate the correlation coefficient.
- T-test
- Any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistics follow a student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported.
- Statistical analyses
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1. Statistical significance
2. Correlation coefficient
3. T-test