Psych 250 lec 1
Terms
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- What is development?
- a process of age related changes across a lifespan: growth, feelings, patterns of thinking.
- Five assumptions of the life-span perspective.
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1. development is life-long
2. development is multidemensional
3. development is multidirectional
4. development is highly plastic
5. development is affected by many interacting forces - What are some of the multiple interacting forces involved in development according to the lifespan perspective?
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1. age-graded influences
2. history graded influences
3. nonnormative influences - what are age-graded influences?
- influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group (biological, environmental)
- what are history-graded influences?
- similar for individuals in a certain generation at a formative time in their lives.
- what are nonnormative influences?
- unusual occurrences -- major impact but not applical to many people (car crash, winning lottery, death)
- what is a theory?
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an orderly, integrated set of statements that descries, explains, and predicts behavior.
Provide organizing framework for our observations. - Organismic theories are?
- change stimulate from within, active (inside)
- mechanistic theories?
- change stimulate by environment, passive (outside)
- Continuous development
- gradually adding on more
- discontinuous development - stage
- new understandings emerge at particular periods
- Ego
- conscious, rational, problem solving part -- masters and controls urges -- reality principle
- positive reinforcement
- something positive added
- negative reinforcement
- something unpleasant involved
- microsystem
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persons immediate environment
- mesosystem
- connectio between microsystems
- exosystem
- outside contexts that affect microsystems
- macrosystem
- cultural laws, values, customs
- chronosystem
- temporal component-- change over lifecourse and history
- what are the 9 theories of development?
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1. Freuds theory of psychosexual development
2. Erikson's psychosocial theory
3. Traditional behaviorism
4. skinners operant conditioning
5. bandura's social learning theory/social cognative theory
6. piaget's cognitive dev. theory
7. information processing
8. Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
9. bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory