ASTR 121 Lectures 9

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The density of an object is its mass divided by its volume (M/V). The Earth is a sphere. If we double its mass, but keep its radius the same, how does its density change? a) 1/8 b) 1/2 c) the same d) twice e) 8 times: d) twice
Look up the mass of the Earth in grams and the radius of the Earth in centimeters (or convert from kilometers) and calculate the mean density of the Earth. a) 1.2 gms/cc b) 5.6 gms/cc c) 8.3 gms/cc d) 112.4 gms/cc e) 239.8 gms/cc <: b) 5.6 gms/cc
The crust of the Earth has a mean density of 3.3 gm/cc. If the Earth were the same density throughout its interior, what would its total mass be? a) 1.49x1025 grams b) 2.24x1025 grams c) 1.88x1026 grams d) 3.54x1027 grams e) 4.99x1028 g: d) 3.54x1027 grams
The typical distance from the bottom of the deepest ocean to the top of the highest mountains is a) 0.5 km b) 14 km c) 60 km d) 100 km e) 1,500 km: b) 14 km
How long does it take seismic waves to travel from the epicenter to the other side of the Earth a) 50 secs b) 5 mins c) 21 mins d) 1.9 hours e) 2.5 days: c) 21 mins
When a meteor falls to Earth, what is its chance of hitting land? a) about 1 in 10 b) about 1 in 4 c) about 1 in 2 d) it always hits land e) they all burn up: b) about 1 in 4
How long would it take a crustal plate to move 1,000 km? a) 1,000 years b) 2 million years c) 30 million years d) 100 million years e) 3 billion years: e) 3 billion years
The typical young mountain is 2 kms tall. If they grow at 0.02 mm per year, how long to make a young mountain? a) 100,000 years b) 1 million years c) 100 million years d) 1 billion years e) 100 billion years: c) 100 million years
Consider an atmosphere is that is 50% CO2 and 50% O2, and we removed 1/2 the CO2 and put it into the ocean, what is the percentage of O2 in the new atmosphere? a) 25% b) 50% c) 67% d) 80% e) 100%: c) 67%
What is the surface gravity of the Moon compared to Mercury? a) 1/10 b) 1/2 c) the same d) twice e) four times: b) 1/2
If you double the size (radius) of the Earth (keeping the mass the same), how much does your weight change? a) 1/4 as heavy b) 1/2 as heavy c) the same d) twice as heavy e) four times as heavy: a) 1/4 as heavy
How long from sunrise to sunset on the Moon? a) about 6 hours b) about 6 days c) about 14 days d) about one month e) about one year: c) about 14 days
How fast did the Apollo missions have to fly to get to the Moon in 3 days? a) 100 km/hr b) 5,338 km/hr c) 12 km/sec d) 25 km/sec e) they were not moving relative to the Earth: b) 5,338 km/hr
What is the angular size of a 30 km crater on the Moon as seen from the Earth? a) 16 arcsecs b) 16 arcmins c) 1.2 degrees d) 10 degrees e) 180 degrees: a) 16 arcsecs
How many Moon diameters is the distance from the Earth to the Moon? a) 12 b) 55 c) 110 d) 250 e) 1,445: c) 110
Mercury is 0.39 A.U.\'s from the Sun. If Mercury were at 0.07 A.U.\'s from the Sun, what would its greatest elongation be? a) 5 degrees b) 14 degrees c) 28 degrees d) 32 degrees e) 90 degrees: a) 5 degrees
If Mercury\'s rotation was locked in a 4/5 resonance, then its rotation period would be a) 10.2 hours b) 24 hours c) 32.4 days d) 58.6 days e) 70.3 days: e) 70.3 days
Temperatures on Mercury range from 100 to 700K. At what temperature would it be room temperature? a) 150K b) -25K c) 400K d) 300K e) 2,000K: d) 300K
Given the range of temperatures on Mercury, if water existed on Mercury would we find it in all three states (solid, liquid and vapor)? a) yes b) no: a) yes
Our knowledge of the composition of the Earth\'s core comes from a)analysis of earthquake waves b)X-ray pictures taken with powerful device in Russia c)samples obtained by drilling deep holes d)analysis of the material erupted from volcaoe: a)analysis of earthquake waves
Scientists think the Earth\'s core is composed mainly of a)silicate rocks b)uranium c)lead d)sulfur e)iron: e)iron
What evidence indicates that part of the Earth\'s interior is liquid?: No S-type seismic waves are detectable at some locations after an earthquake.
The slow shift of our planet\'s crust are thought to rise from a)the gravitational force of the Moon pulling on the crust b)the gravitational force of the Sun pulling on our planet\'s crust c)the Earth\'s magnetic field drawing iron in crusta: d)heat from interior causing convection motion, which pushes on the crust
Which of the following is the most abundant gas in the Earth\'s atmosphere? a)Oxygen b)Nitrogen c)Carbon dioxide d)Water vapor e)Hydrogen: b)Nitrogen
Auroras are produced when the Earth\'s atmosphere receives a blast of a)energetic electrically charged particles from the Sun b)debris from comets that pass through the inner Solar System c)gamma rays generated by unknown cosmic sources d): a)energetic electrically charged particles from the Sun
The layer of the Earth\'s atmosphere in which weather occurs is the a)stratosphere b)troposphere c)ionosphere d)hydrosphere: b)troposphere
Compared to the lunar highlands, the lunar marina are a)smoother and older b)smoother and younger c)more cratered and older d)more cratered and younger: b)smoother and younger
If the Moon did not rotate on its own axis, we would observe a)both sides of the Moon b)the Moon remaining stationary against the stars c)a lack of tides on the Earth d)the Moon from only one hemisphere of Earth e)it doesn\'t rotate: a)both sides of the Moon
The lunar maria were formed by a)numerous impacts by small meteoroids b)tectonic uplifts of the surrounding highlands c)sedimentation as dust was deposited in shallow seas d)lava flows into large impact basins: d)lava flows into large impact basins
Why does Mercury have so many craters and the Earth so few?: Erosion and plate tectonic activity have destroyed most of the craters on the Earth
Mercury\'s average density if about 1.5 greater than the Moon\'s, even though the two bodies have similar radii. What does this suggest about Mercury\'s composition?: Mercury\'s interior is much richer in iron than in the Moon\'s
The scarps that cut across the surface of Mercury probably were a)cut by flowing lava b)produced by impacts pushing portions of the crust outward c)formed when the crust buckled as Mercury cooled d)formed when crustal plates ran together d: c)formed when the crust buckled as Mercury cooled
What is the Earth\'s crust mainly made of?: Granite
The average density (mass of Earth times volume) equals: 5.5 gm/cc
The Earth\'s core is mostly made up of what two elements?: Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni)
Uses the propagation of seismic waves from earthquakes to study the Earth\'s interior: Seismology
Two types of seismic waves are: 1) pressure or P waves and
2) shear or S waves
P waves can travel through liquid or solids. However, Shear waves cannot propagate in ______ or ______, since there are no lateral restoring forces: liquids or solids
The interior of the Earth has 4 components:: 1. a thin crust of density 3.3 gm/cc composed of metals, silicates (a substance called basalt)
2. a semi-solid mantle of density 3.5 to 5.5 gm/cc composed of olivine Fe oxides
3. a liquid outer core of density 9 to 11 gm/cc composed of molten Fe
4. a solid inner core of density 17 gm/cc composed of Fe and Ni.
The temperature of the inner core is: 6200 K
The crust is _____ under the oceans and _____ under mountains: thin, thick
The dry land is composed primarily of:: 1. Igneous rock - formed from molten material, such as basalt and granite
2. Sedimentary rock - minerals cemented by pressure, such as sandstone and limestone
3. Metamorphic rock - igneous or sedimentary rock that has been subjected to high temperatures and pressures, such as marble
The crust shaped by:: 1. impact cratering in the early solar system
2. erosion - wind, water, slumping (gravity) - most early cratering erased by erosion on planets with thick atmospheres
3. thermal-tectonic activity (plate tectonics) - outflow of heat from core transfered to convective motion in mantle.
What are four surface features formed between plate boundaries?: 1.mid-ocean ridge
2.sliding plates
3.ocean trench
4.mountains
Young mountain system are _____ and _____, and old mountain systems are _____ and ______: sharp, irregular
low, rounded
What seven stages has Earth\'s atmosphere undergone?: 1.proto-atmosphere phase
2.early atmosphere phase
3.secondary atmosphere phase
4.cooling phase
5.photodisintegration
6.carbonate rock formation
7.life
As the atmosphere cooled, H2O rains out to become the oceans: cooling phase
Extra water vapor is converted into H2 and CO2: photodisintegration
H2O and CO2 react in the oceans to become carbonate rocks and O2: carbonate rock formation
Development of living organisms turns more CO2 into O2: life
What four elements was the secondary atmosphere rich in?: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and sulfur (SO2)
The atmosphere plays an important role in protecting the Earth\'s surface from: UV and cosmic rays, and space debris (meteoroids)
Earth\'s magnetic field is compressed on the side facing the Sun because of: solar wind
Earth\'s magnetic field is due to: Ionization of Iron/Nickel atoms in the Earth\'s inner core
Name five layers of the Earth\'s atmosphere from closest to farthest.: 1.Troposphere
2.Stratosphere
3.Mesosphere
4.Thermosphere
5.Exosphere
The synchronous rotation of the Moon is caused by what, allowing Earth\'s gravity to keep one lunar hemisphere permanently turned toward Earth?: unsymmetrical distribution of mass
Which side of the Moon has large, smooth-looking maria?: Nearside
The ratio of Earth to Lunar diameter is: 3.6 to 1
The lunar surface has an albedo of: 0.07
The major surface features on the Moon are: craters, highlands and maria
The minor surface features on the Moon are:: 1) wrinkle ridges
2) scarps
3) domes
4) rilles
Erosion is slow on the Moon which has no atmosphere and is caused by:: 1) slumping (gravity)
2) other impacts
3) temperature changes
4) moonquakes
Maria are: remnants of large impact events that cracked the crust and allowed the lava from the mantle to flow upward and erase early cratering
Moon\'s core only holds _____ percent of its mass whereas Earth\'s core holds nearly _____ of its mass.: 2, 1/3
Maria on the nearside of the Moon is due to the fact that: the nearside crust is thinner than the farside crust (easier to penetrate by impacts)
The crust is thinner on the nearside due to: tidal interaction with the Earth during the formation epoch
Lunar soil is rich in _____ and low in _____.: refractory elements, volatile elements
What were the goals of the Apollo Lunar Program?: 1.To see if humankind could survive and operate outside the Earth\'s environment.
2.To see if it was technologically possible to plan, construct and pilot a mission in space.
3.To study the geological properties of the Moon and compare its history to the Earth\'s.
4.Establish a platform in orbit or the Moon for astronomical studies outside the interference of Earth\'s atmosphere.
The oldest rocks on the Moon, found in the lunar highlands, are how old?: 4.4 billion years old
Mercury\'s core is dense in: Iron (Fe)
Three differences between Mercury and our Moon:: 1. few, small maria
2. Cratering is less heavy, more plain region between craters.
3. Long scarps or wrinkles are found on the crust and the tops of craters
Venus is often called the twin planet to Earth because: 1) it has a similar radius/size
2) is has a similar mass
3) it has a similar density
4) it has an atmosphere
Unlike all of the other planets, besides Uranus, Venus\' rotation is: retrograde
Venus\' atmosphere is composed of: carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid
If you increase the pressure of a gas, its temperature also goes _____ or its density goes _____: up, down
If you lower the density, the pressure goes _____ or the temperature goes _____: down, up
greenhouse rate is controlled by: 1. distance from the Sun (surface temperature)
2. the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
What are the results of an enhanced greenhouse effect?: 1. global warming (3 to 5 C rise by 2050)
2. increased cloud cover
3. increased hurricane strengths
4. rise in sea level by 1 to 2m over next 50 years
5. increased growing season at northern latitudes
Due to an optically thick atmosphere, the surface features on Venus are known only through: radar mapping
Some of the prominent features on Venus are:: 1. craters
2. volcanoes
3. fault lines
4. arachnoids
Venus and Earth are \'similar\' in radius. What is the ratio of Venus to the Earth\'s radius? a) 0.55 b) 0.82 c) 0.95 d) 1.04 e) 1.20: c) 0.95
What is the ratio of the mass of Venus to the Earth? a) 0.55 b) 0.82 c) 0.95 d) 1.04 e) 1.20: b) 0.82
The fact that Venus always has a heavy cloud cover means a) we can view the surface in visible light b) it has a high albedo c) it always has one side facing the Sun d) it rotates faster than the Earth e) it is a more massive planet: b) it has a high albedo
Why does the Sun rise in the west and set in the east on Venus? a) because of its dense atmosphere refracting light b) because it is a superior planet c) because it has active volcanos d) because it has retrograde rotation e) all of the: d) because it has retrograde rotation
The atmospheric pressure on Venus is about 50 times greater than the Earth, the surface temperature is usually 2.5 times greater than the Earth\'s. How much greater or less is the typical air density? a) 20 times less b) 10 times less c) the: e) 20 times greater
Plans to terraform Venus (convert it to Earth-like conditions) worry about reducing the pressure, since we can always live near the poles for a cooler temperature. How much does the density of the atmosphere of Venus have to be reduced to achieve an Earth: b) 50 times
Large oceans on Venus would convert the CO2 into a) carbon and nitrogen b) oxygen and nitrogen c) carbon, oxygen and nitrogen d) carbon and oxygen e) none of the above: d) carbon and oxygen
Since oceans and lakes are the best CO2 reducers, what temperature does the surface of Venus need for liquid water to exist? a) 0K b) 100K c) 372K d) 500K e) no change is needed, just more water: c) 372K
It takes about one million years to make an Earth volcano. Using the answer from the previous question, how long does it take to make a Mars volcano? a) 10,000 years b) about one million years too c) about 10 million years d) about two bil: d) about two billion years
The first probes to Mars were in the a) 1880\'s b) 1940\'s c) 1970\'s d) 1980\'s e) 1990\'s: c) 1970\'s
Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Mars, are how big? a) a few 100 meters b) a few tens of kms c) hundreds of kms d) 1,500 kms e) 5,000 kms: b) a few tens of kms
There is direct evidence of water on Mars because a) there are old river beds b) there are erosion marks on the sides of canyons c) there are ice caps d) there are bacteria in the rocks e) meteors from Mars have water in them <: c) there are ice caps
Even if Mar\'s atmosphere was 100% O2, why could humans not live on the surface without life support systems? a) its too cold b) the atmosphere is too thin c) there is sulfuric acid in the air d) there is too much dust to see e) the Sun: b) the atmosphere is too thin
What is the surface gravity of Mars compared to the Earth? a) 0.1 b) 0.4 c) 0.8 d) 1.2 e) 10.8: b) 0.4
Why is there so little oxygen on Mars a) its mostly tied up in H2O b) there is no plant life to produce it c) oxygen is highly reactive and turns into rust d) all of the above e) none of the above: d) all of the above
Noble gases are good tracers of the evolution of an atmosphere because a) they are heavy atoms b) they are gases c) they have electric charge d) they combine with hydrogen to form liquids e) they are inert and do not react with other el: e) they are inert and do not react with other elements
The red in the soil of Mars is a) iron oxide b) water c) calcium carbonate d) bacteria e) paint: a) iron oxide
How do the mean densities of Ganymede and Callisto compare with the mean densities of the Earth and the Moon? a) less than the Moon\'s, greater than the Earth\'s b) less than the Moon\'s, less than the Earth\'s c) greater than the Moon\'s, gr: b) less than the Moon\'s, less than the Earth\'s
If the distance of Io from Jupiter is 1, and its period is 1 day, what are the periods of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto if they are 2, 3 and 4 Io distances from Jupiter? (hint: use Kepler\'s 3rd law with Io as the unit of reference) a) 1, 2, 3 days: b) 2.8, 5.2, 8.0 days
Io is tidally locked to Jupiter and its orbital period is 1.8 days. What is its rotation period? a) 1.8 days b) 3.6 days c) 5.4 days d) 10 years e) cannot determine from information given: a) 1.8 days
If you see an impact crater on Io, you know the impact occurred a) less than a week before b) less than a year before c) less than a million years before d) within the last one billion years e) you cannot determine the age of the crater: c) less than a million years before
The lack of tall mountains on a heavily cratered, small world means a) high tides b) large distance from Sun c) impacts destroyed the landscape d) high magnetic fields e) low core densities: c) impacts destroyed the landscape
The moons of Jupiter have little or no atmosphere\'s because a) they have very low surface gravities b) they have low crust densities c) they have very little icy material d) they have no magnetic fields e) all of the above: a) they have very low surface gravities
Titan has surface conditions near the triple point of methane. This means it has the correct a) temperature and density b) temperature and pressure c) pressure and density d) distance from Sun e) distance from Saturn: b) temperature and pressure
How was the mass of Pluto determined? a)By measuring the effect of its gravity on the terrestrial planets b)By observing its effect on the motion of an unmanning flyby c)By determining the orbit of its satellite, Charon d)By measuring how: c)By determining the orbit of its satellite, Charon
The volcanic activity of Io is a consequence of a)tidal heating b)radioactive materials in Io\'s interior c)frequent meteoroid impacts d)frictional heating due to atmospheric winds: a)tidal heating
In what respect are the atmospheres of Titan and Earth most different? a)Chemical composition b)Presence of clouds c)Density d)Temperature: d)Temperature
Why are daily temperature variations on Mars much larger than we experience on Earth? a)Mars spins slowly, so its nights are very long b)Mars is much darker than the Earth, so it absorbs more sunlight c)Mars\'s atmosphere is too thin to insul: c)Mars\'s atmosphere is too thin to insulate the surface
Which of the following has provided evidence that the volcanoes of Mars are relatively young? a)the lava fields are warmer than surrounding regions b)the volcanoes have relatively few impact craters on them c)the volcanoes are not carved by r: b)the volcanoes have relatively few impact craters on them
What evidence suggests that liquid water was once present on the Martian surface? a)Branching channels in the shape of riverbeds b)flat ice-covered basins that appear to have been lakes c)high levels of humidity measured spectroscopically in: a)Branching channels in the shape of riverbeds
Why is Venus\'s surface hotter than Mercury\'s? a)Venus rotates more slowly, so it \"bakes\" more in the Sun\'s heat b)Clouds in Mercury\'s atmosphere reflect sunlight back into space and keep its surface cool c)Carbon dioxide in Venus\'s atm: c)Carbon dioxide in Venus\'s atmosphere traps heat radiating from its surface, thereby making it warmer
What evidence is there that the surface of Venus was covered by giant flows of lava a few hundred million years ago? a)The surface is still hot b)There are relatively few impact craters on Venus c)Radioactive dating shows that the surface is: b)There are relatively few impact craters on Venus

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