photography class notes midterm KD

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the total amount of light passing through the lens which then acts upon the film is referred to as _______: exposure
exposure is a product of ________ and ________: intensity of light
length of time that which said intensity acts on
intensity is controlled by: aperture
time is controlled by: shutter speed
the largest lens opening: relative aperture
relative aperture is measured by the proportion of:: focal length to diameter of the lens
the distance the light has to travel from lens to film plane: focal length
define the inverse square law: The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between light source and the surface it illuminates
What is the f/stop scale?: 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 22 32 45 64
f/stops are always in a _____ proportion: 1:2
what is the shutter speed scale?: B 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 1/1000 1/2000
the (largest/smallest) number representing a shutter speed is the shortest length of time: largest
so, closing down the aperture (say f/8 to f/11) can be compensated by a higher or lower shutter speed?: Lower--you need to double the length of time (1/125 is more time than 1/250)
what determines the exposure value for a picture?: 1) lighting
2) subject reflectance
3) film you are using
when a camera sets the film speed automatically it is: DX coded
the (higher/lower) the ISO number, the more sensitive to light the film is: higher
slower film requires (more/less) light: MORE (double that of ISO 400)
exposure is determined by (after ISO number is recorded):: the amount of light reflected off objects
A reading that measures all of the light falling on to the subject (rather than off of it) is:: an incident reading
A light meter in which you adjust both aperture and shutter speed until a correct exposure is indicated: manual
When you set an f/stop and the camera sets the shutter speed to go with it: aperture preferred mode
you set the shutter speed and the camera selects a corresponding f/stop: shutter priority mode
moving the appropriate scale off of the auto setting and alligning it with any other aperture or shutter speed you wish: override
meters that take the majority of the light reading from whatever is in the center of the viewfinder: center weighted
light meters that integrate many different readings from within the frame: a multi zone light meter
a camera feature in which the camera calibrates a compensation of light (example: calibrate -1, camera will subtract that number of stops): exposure compensation
where the main subject is illuminated from behind or is against a much lighter background: backlighting
a switch that will lock in an aperture/shutter speed combination even if you re-compose the scene: exposure lock switch
an average of half light and half dark values: middle gray OR 18 percent gray
an object that can be placed in the scene to be photographed to base exposure off of: gray card
if your composition includes a large expanse of sky, the foreground is likely to be: underexposed
if the subject is in backlight: add one or two more stops of exposure
how do you include the detail of shadow areas in a photograph?: meter the shadows and close down two stops
for white skin:: take a spot reading of a flesh tone and open up one stop
for black skin:: take a spot reading of skin tone and close down one stop
olive skin:: use the light meter reading as indicated
the difference between the quantity of light being reflected by a shadow area and a highlight area is: contrast range
when metering a contrast range:: take a spot meter reading of a shadow area and a highlight area and calculate a midway point
what is the rule of thumb for a brightly illuminated scene?: use f/16 as the aperture and the reciprocal of the film speed number for the SS
the exposure meter selects a small f/stop for maximum sharpness through space, and then chooses whatever shutter speed goes with it: close up mode
this mode selects a large aperture to yield limited depth of field, and then selects whatever shutter speed goes with it: portrait mode
another mode that is similar to close up mode is: landscape mode (selects a small aperture for max depth of field)
this mode allows more precise control of how objects distributed through space will be in sharp focus or not: depth of field mode
this mode selects a fast shutter speed to freeze motion and then uses whatever aperture is needed: sports mode
or
action mode
why do telephoto lenses require a faster shutter speed?: there could be a blur from camera movement because they are long and heavy
exposing based on initial point of focus, even if scene is recomposed: exposure lock
if your exposure consists primarily of a lot of highlights, exposure lock on a: dark part of the scene
if your subject consists primarily of shadows, focus/exposure lock on: a light part of the scene
the minimum shutter speed recommended for hand holding the camera is: 1/125 (generally)
the faster an object is moving, the (fast/slower) shutter speed is required: faster
the closer the moving object is to the camera, the (fast/slower) the shutter speed required to freeze it: faster
an object moving perpendicularly to the camera requires a (higher/lower) shutter speed: higher
an object moving directly towards or away from the camera needs a (faster, slower)shutter speed: slower
wide angle lenses require relatively (slower, faster) shutter speeds: slower
a frozen subject and blurred background-the object will appear frozen but the motionless background will appear blurred: panning
long time exposures that are incorrect metered: reciprocity failure
for a 1-5 second exposure: increase exposure by 1 stop
for a 30 second exposure: inrease exposure by 1.5 stops
for a minute exposure: increase exposure by two stops
for a two minute exposure: increase exposure by 3 stops
to yield great depth of field: decrease the aperture
range of acceptable sharpness will vary by:: camera to subject distance
focal length of lens
the closer you are to a subject, the (less/more) depth of field you obtain: less
the shorter the focal length, the (greater, less) depth of field will be: greater
in most cases, depth of field extends about _________ as far behind the plane of focus as in front of it: twice
the ___________ button closes the lens down manually so you can look through the taking aperture to determine if depth of field is satisfactory: preview
the distance to the nearest plane of focus when the lens is focused at infinity: hyperfocal distance
the most important characteristic of a lens is its: focal length
the distance between the optical center of the lens and the film plane when focused at infinity is: the focal length
a normal lens will have a focal length of: 45 to 55 nm
usually 50
a wide angle lens will have a focal length from: 7.5 mm (fisheye) to 35mm
a long focus lens will have a focal length ranging from: 75 to 1000\'s mm
a lens where the focal length is continuously variable within a defined range: zoom lens
the longer the focal length, the greater the image is: magnified
a short lens must bend the light (more, less) sharply in order to have an image focused at the film plane: more
a longer lens requires (less,more) bending of light: less
a 100 mm lens will form an image (twice as big, half as big) of that of a 50mm lens: twice as big
the shorter the focal length of a lens, the greater its:: angle of view
the area in front of the camera which will be included in the picture:: angle of view
the shorter the focal length, the greater the:: depth of field
the relative size and apparent depth of objects as they appear in a two-dimensional range: perspective
with a ________ lens, space seems expanded and an object close to the camera will seem much larger than a distant one: wide angle lens
with a ________ lens, space seems compressed and a distant object appears about the same size as a near one: long focus
______ lens have the same perspective as human vision: normal
the emulsion consists of: light sensitive silver halides suspended in gelatin
on the top of film emulsion there is a: scratch resistant coating
on the back of emulsion there is: an anti halation coating
anti halation coating:: prevents light from reflecting back through the film and re-exposing (causing halos)
the more light that strikes the film: the denser the deposit of silver will be
an image comprised of a long range of silver densities on the film: continuous tone image
at the _____ of the curve (increasing exposure by increasing density), very small increases in exposure still do not reach the threshold of effecting the emulsion and produce no change in density: toe
the ______ of the curve represents the maximum density of silver that can be deposited: shoulder
the shoulder is also the graphic representation of:: reciprocity failure
when the emulsion is sensitive to all colors, the film is: panchromatic
slows films have an ISO of: 25-50
medium speed films have ISO\'s between: 100-200
fast films range from: ISO 400-800
ultra fast films range from: ISO 1600-6400
Pushing the film yields:: smaller apertures
greater depth of film
faster shutter speeds
pushing film is accompanied by an: increase in developing time
the (fastest film, slowest film) produces the most detail: slowest detail
how do you measure precise detail?: resolving power
acutance
the films ability to distinguish between closely spaced parallel lines: resolving power
edge sharpness (the degree of tonal separation between light and dark areas): acutance
the (faster, slowr) the film, the greater the contrast: slower
the intensity or purity of color: saturation

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