Psych t2
Terms
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- Mary Ainsworth
- identified two types of attachment.. secure/insecure
- synchrony
- back and forth interactions b/w child and caregiver
- John Bowlby
- attachment behaviours evolved to increase survivability in infants
- Harry Harlow
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Monkeys: contact comfort is necessary in attachment
- Thomas and Chess
- Main temperaments: easy, slow to warm up, difficult. Different temperaments result from interaction b/w genetics, parenting, and culture. emphasized importance of environment that is good fit for temperament.
- Mary Rosbart
- 14 behavioural dimensions rated by parents in Infant Behavioural Questionnaire
- James Kagan
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observed infants who reacted strongly to unfamiliar stimuli - became shy children and afraid of other lab situations
emphasized genetic and biological (brain structure/function) - newborn emotional reactions
- motion contagion, and imitation of facial expressions
- 2 month old emotion reactions
- discriminate amongst facial expressions and respond differently to them
- one year emotional reactions
- gain info from mothers expressions on how to respond to ambiguous situations
- self conscious emotions emerge:
- by 15 months of age as start to understand who they are and what other people expect of them. sympathy and empathy also emerge.
- first interactions of infants with eachother
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by two months: mutual gaze
six months: babbling smiling touching - Thomas and Chess 9 dimensions of temperament
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Activity level
Rhythmicity
Approach or withdrawel
adaptability
threshold of responsiveness
intensity of reaction
quality of mood
distractability
attention span and persistence - stability in temperament
- activity level, smiling and laughing, threshold of responsiveness.
- Rothbart infant behaviour questionaire dimensions
- 6: activity level, smiling and laughter, fear, frustration, soothability,duration of orienting now has 14
- John Bowlby Ethological Theory
- attachment emerges from system of traits and behaviours that have evolved over time to increase rate of survival
- bowlby attachment stages
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Orientation without discrimination
Orientation with discrimination
Safe base attachment
Goal corrected partnerships - Orientation without discrimination
- 0-3 mo, signal and respond to any available adult. attachment not yet formed
- Orientation with discrimination
- 2-6 mo: show preference for caregiver. signalling more to them than others
- Safe-base attachment
- 6mo to 3yrs: seek to be near favoured caregivers and use as safe base. stranger fear and separation anxiety.
- goal-corrected partnerships
- 3+. Understand feelings and motives of caregivers. goes both ways..children can adjust to parents needs.
- Piaget cognitive stages
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sensorimotor thought
preoperational thought
concrete operational thought
formal operational thought - sensorimotor thought
- no object permanence, no representational thought, symbolic gradually emerges,op develops slowly
- preoperational thought
- 2-7. intuitive logic ->egocentrism,not objective, schemes not reversible,fail conservation tasks, symbols
- concrete operational thought
- 7-12: concrete materials for logic, more objective,
- formal operational
- 13+. egocentrism adolescent, hypothetico-deductive reasoning emerges, abstract thought emerges.
- Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor thought
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Basic reflexes 0-1
primary circular reactions 1-4m
secondary circ reactions4-10
coord. of secondary schemes:10-12
tertiary circular reactions:12-18m
transition to symbolic thought: 18-24m - basic reflexes
- first schemas. sucking rooting etc.
- primary circular reactions
- accidental discovery of actions. trial and error to repeat until become habits (ie: thumb suck by accident then keep doing it)
- secondary circular reactions
- discover actions involving object by accidnet.. trial and error. ie: shaking rattle.
- coordination of secondary schemes
- put two schemes together intentionally to reach goal. combine push and reach to get to something.
- tertiary circular reactions
- curious about objects and explore in trial and error fashion. try to produce novel reaction.
- transition to symbolic thought
- start to use movement to represent other actions in world.
- arcuate fasciculus
- fibers that connect broca's area to wernicke's area in brain.
- Broca's area
- left frontal lobe for speech output
- Wernike's area
- left temporal lobe, speech input
- angular gyrus
- processing written language
- near-infrared spectroscopy
- estimate brain activity by projecting nir light through brain and measure reflection of light. (blood flow increased)
- HELLP syndrome
- Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low blood platelets,