KD social psych midterms
Terms
undefined, object
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- the study of how we form impressions of other people and how we make inferences about them
- social perception
- to express or emit nonverbal behavior such as smiling or patting someone o the back
- encode
- interpreting the meaning of nonverbal behavior that people express
- decode
- culturally determined rules that tell us which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display
- display rules
- non universal non verbal gestures that are generally understood within a specific culture
- emblems
- a schema that consists of our ideas about what kind of personality traits go together
- implicit personality theory
- give an example of implicit personality theory
- because someone is kind, they must also be generous
- the study of how we infer the causes of other people's behavior
- attribution theory
- a person behaves a certain way because of their personality traits
- internal attribution
- a person behaves a certain way because of the situations they're put in
- external attribution
- consensus information
- how other people behave towards the same stimulus
- how the person whos behavior we are trying to explain responds to other stimuli
- distinctiveness information
- the frequency with which the observed behavior between the same actor and the same stimulus occurs over time
- consistency information
- the tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to and matches their dispositions and personality
- correspondence bias
- the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention
- perceptual salience
- the tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining ones own behavior
- actor/observer difference
- our tendency to take credit for our successes but to blame others of the situation for our failure
- self serving attribution
- explanations, such as saying a girl who was raped was "asking for it", that defend us from feelings of vulnerability and mortality
- defensive attributions
- the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks
- social facilitation
- if you've studied a lot and you really know your material, should you take your exam in the presence of others or by yourself?
- In the presence of others
- the tendency for people to relax when they are the presence of others and their own performances cannot be evaluated
- social loafing
- the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified
- deindividuation
- any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
- process loss
- the combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual
- transactive memory
- thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts
- group think
- the tendency or groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
- group polarization
- leaders that set clear short term goals and reward people who meet them
- transactional leaders
- leaders who inspire followers to focus on common long term goals
- transformational leaders
- a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful towards others
- social dilemma
- occurs when individuals must contribute to a common pool to maintain a common goal
- public goods dilemma
-
a situation in which everyone takes from a common pool that will disappear if overused
comes from sheep farmers - commons dilemma
- the extent that a person's evaluations are based on their beliefs about the properties of an attitude/object
- cognitively based attitude
- an attitude based more on people's feelings and values about their beliefs about the nature of an attitude object
- affectively based attribute
- Behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward or punishment
- operant conditioning
- attitudes that stem from people's observations of how they behave towards an object
- behaviorally based attitude
- specifies when people will be influenced by what a speech or message says and when people will be influenced by more superficial characters
- elaboration of likelihood-model of persuasion
- the case whereby people elaborated on persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when people have both the ability and motivation to think carefully about a communication
- central route to persuasion
- the case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues
- peripheral route to persuasion
- making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against the position
- attitude inoculation
- when people feel that their freedom is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused. People reduce this arousal by performing the behavior that they were not supposed to do
- reactance theory
- the strength of the association between an object and an evaluation of it
- attitude accessibility
- our knowledge about who we are
- self-concept
- the act of thinking about ourselves
- self-awareness
- a way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions
- independent view of the self
- a way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people and recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others
- interdependent view of the self
- attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for your attitudes
-
reasons-generated attitude change
generally focuses on things that are easy to put into words, and isn't advised for decision making - When our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambigious, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
- self-perception theory
- the idea that we have a set amount of ability that cannot change
- fixed mindset
- abilities are malleable qualities that they can cultivate and grow
- growth mindset
- when people make attributions, what information is UNDER utilized?
- consensus information
- what are the three variables people pay attention to in Weiner's attribution theory?
-
1) Locus (cause external or internal)
2) Stability (Cause of behavior stable or unstable)
3) controlability (Can people control the cause of the behavior?) - when people believe other people perceive situations exactly asthey do
- naive realism
- what are the three ways to reduce dissonance?
-
change behavior
change one of the dissonant cognitions (ex. minimizing risks)
adding new cognition ("I know people who smoked for years and didn't suffer negative consequences") - likert scale
- continuous measure where you have to decide what your opinion on a certain attitude is
- semantic differentiated
-
given two opposite meanings to evaluate opinions
foolish vs wise
pleasant vs unpleasant - what are the three assumptions in Festinger's theory of social comparsion?
-
1) People have a drive to evaluate their opinions and beliefs
2) no objective standards, people compare themselves to others
3) we will compare ourselves to similar others - how do we develop knowledge about ourselves?
-
self-perception
input from others
social comparison
culture - what are the functions of self-esteem?
- promotes positive affect, goal achievement, and interpersonal relations