Models of sport psychology
Terms
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- social learning theory
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human behavior is a function of social learning and strength of the situation
origins of behavoiralism - Humanistic theory
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rogers and maslow argued that human nature is inherently health and constructive. at the center of the humanistic theory of perosnality is the concept of self actualization.
the human organizism posses innate drive or tendency to enhance itself and to realize its capcities.
method of psychotherapy, non directive and cleint centered - trait theory
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personality traits are considered synonymous with dispositions to act in a certian way
traits are considered stable and enduring and consistent across a vareity of differing situations.
cattel - 35 different traits. - jung theory of personality
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individual personality is based on two personality attributes, extra version, introversion
and four function, thinking, feeling, sensing and intuition
myers brigs based on him - the interaction model
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the notion that persoality interacts with situation to predict performance
- CAPS
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Cognitive Affective processing System
as a way of explain the personality paradox
1) stimuli are encoded and are mentally represented in memory
2) predetermined expectations and beliefs confer meaning on events
3)affects and emotions
4)personal goals and values influence behavior
5) competency and self regulation skills interact with one other four elements to determine Beauvoir.
- Baunduras Model of Self Efficacy
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four fundamental ways to develop self efficacy
1) successful performance
2) vicarious experince - beginning athletes can exh the
2) verbal persuasion
4) emtional arousal - facotrs that can influence readiness for learning.
self efficacy beleifs are affected by perceived outcome - Harters Competence Motivation Theory
- individuals are innately motivated to be competeent in acheivement such as sport, the person attempt at mastery. an individauls perception of sucesses at these mastery attemps develops feelings of postive or negative affect
- Vealeys Multidimensional Model of Sport Confidence
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sport confidence is multidimensional in nature
sport confidence rectangle- characteristics of a athlete demographic organizational, culture , competence level motivational climate
three sources of domain of sport confidence
achievement
self regulation
social climate
three types of sport confidcne
- SC cogntitive effecicency (Deiction making thought management)
- SC physical – skills training
- SC resilience ( overcoming obsticles
- antecedents consequences model
- in this model the situation antecedent such as a dunk in bbal precpatates perception of psychologicla momentum, resulting in feelings of goal progression and self confidence energy
- a integrated theory of motivation in sport exercise
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self determination is the driving force behind motivation
self determination theory - psychological needs satisfaction and social factors drives motivation
social factors
experiences toward success and failure
cooperation and competition
coaches attitude,IE is he controlling or facilitating autonomy
mastery approach vs performance approach
psychological needs satisfaction
autonomy
relatedness
competence
Motivation
extrinsic
integrated regulatory mechanisms are well integrated, they become personally valued and freely done. At this level of integration, a behavior previously consider to be externally controlllled becommmes fully assimilated and internally controlled.
external
identified: particpate in some activity not becuase they want to but becuase it makes them be better at something they do want to do
introjected
intrinsic
a motivation
consequences
affect sportsmanship, success - Cognitive Evaluation Theory
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external rewards can decrease motivation, when motivation is already intrinsically motivated (multiplicative principle) becuase of perception of control from internal to external
however if the reward provides feedback and and enhances a persons sense of confidence (referred to as the informational aspect of external motivation) - goal prospective theory
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nature of perceived ability changes as the child gets older
two goal orientations
ego goal orientation
task goal oreintation
early age 2-6
task goal orientation high amounts of effort = equate to high amounts of skill and competence
at 6-7, child begins to become ego oreinted sees his ability in relation to other children
11-12 may exibit either task or ego oriention
from a fundamental perspective, children mature to the level they are able to distiguish between, effort, ability and outcome - matching hypothesis
- suggest that high mastery environments and high mastery climate work well together but no a msis match same for the other
- goal setting
- a theory of motivation that effectively energizes athletes to become more competitive
- self concordance model
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addresses the process of goal striving within the broad conceptual framework of the self determination theory
1) striving for personal goals is based on autonomous motivational regulation
2)striving for personal controls can also be controlled by external regulation which wont sustain motivation
- Effort mediates the relationship between autonomous goal striving and goal attainment
- Goal attainment mediates the relationship between effort and psychological needs satisfaction.
- Psychological needs satisfaction mediates the relationship between goal attainment and relative well being.
- goal perspective theory
- specific high difficulty goal oreintaion mediate the relationship between task orientation and performance on a task
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Universal Trait Theory of Leadereship
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certain great leaders have innate personality characterisitcs
not possible to demonstrate - functional model of leadership
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transformational leadership, inspirational motivation, idealized influence and intellectual stimuluation
transactional leadership: productivity rewards, error montiroing proformance monitoring
theoretically the best manager would excibit both
however behling said it is difficult for a leader to do both at one time, suggested having two different roles on the team two coaches - feilders contignecy theory
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suggests that leaders or only effective in certain situations
task motivated leader - good when your team sucks or is really good
relationship motivated leader - best when your team is average
hire accordingly - path goal theory
- emphaisis on needs and goals of althete, coaches is role is faciliating the road
- life cycle theory
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places emphasis on needs and goals of the subordinate not the leader
u function, at low and high levels of maturity task oreinted is imporant, at middle levels of maturity relationshp oreinted style is important - smith sport contingency model
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model describes how a leaders personality interacts with the environment to elicit a coaching behavioral response
personality situation interacts
then
encoding
expecations beleifs
emotions affect
self regulation
then
behavioral response - chelldurais multidimensional model of sport leadership
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athletes satisfaction and performance are developed through the thee interactions preferred leader behavior, actual leader Beauvoir, prescribed leader behavior
congruence between all three types of behavoir should yeild the best performance - leadership beahvoiral model
- based on situation specific beahvoirs, in the model player perception mediates t
- leadership beahvoiral model
- based on situaton specific behavoirs player perception mediates the relationship between coaches behavoir and players responce
- jowett model of coach athlete relationship
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relationship between coach and player is based on postive and negative manifestations of closeness, commitment, and complementary
commitment trust
complemetnary - how they completment eachothers strengths - mastery environment factors
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rewards - based on individual improvement
authority - students should be given the opportunity to to participate actively in performance monitoring goal setting process
self test
based on effort and specific performance improvement, self issued tests
grouping
students should be placed in groups so they can learn technical skillivs in a cooperative enviroment
highly motivated althetes score highest on mastery climate - universal beahvoir theory of leadership
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based on teh tennets of behavoiralism , there are universal good beahvoirs for choaches, these should be identified and taught
from
transformational: based on motivation idealized infleunce and intellectual stimulation
transaction: based on structure rewards based on performance error montinoring
translational leadership: - sources of coaching efficacy
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extent of coaching experince prepration
prior sucess
perceived skill of athletes
community support
- coaching efficacy competence dimensions
- motivation, technique, character building
- STD orignall
- people are motivated to do thigns because of psychological needs, comptence, autonomy, and reladeness, the theory is the degree to which this motivates our lives.
- leaders are made "universalists approach"
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anyone can become a leader by learning situational beahvoirs
some specific beahvoirs
Consideration
- combination of transformative and trancational
specic to sport
understand sport
organized prepared strong work ethic
provide instructions (technical work ethic
not afraid to make mistakes try new things) - shows that testing limits
develop trust, social norms
make fair decisive decisions - leadership in coaching apply it
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analyze the situation
size of team whether its a individual or team, bigger gets more autorctraic
size - larger, less time = more autoctaic
leadership traditions
people followers
group values - winning or fun
coach differently during a win than during a lostt
more task oreinted shit, more social support - why are facial expressions and kinesics important?
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be able to read and respond to athletes and others
instruction: interest understanding
intensity of activity easy fatique
anxiety level arousal level
motivation like dislike
stratedy, read oppontent intimitate and so on - why are haptics and proxemics important?
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instruction ussage: touche training improves kinesthic awarenss
touch self, touch coach
encourage sporstmanship
riuasl and roles huddle, head butt.
builds cohension betwen athletes, with coach
generates enthusiasm motivation
social support indicators
injury diagnous, arousal induction self or others slapping football players - apply it: sports personality
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have knowledge of tests limitations, reliablity, validity: obtain training in adminstering
be aware of personality traits of different positions \
good listening er
be a good observer of athletes in different situations
place your athletes in various situations in practice
- have knowledge and utilize mental strategies to facilitate individual styles of physical learning/performance
as teams advance, expect greater homogeneity
- self determination theory: apply it.
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find out reason for particapting
be observant for reactions of like dislike
provide opporutnity for self selected choices
vary content of sequence fo activities
record feedfback
porovide opproutnies for differnce senations
group people work on skills in cooperative enviroment
reawrd type shoudl reflect actviity/outcome what size
reward on the basis of icnraesein personal perodfmrance improvments