Health Psychology 122 - Sensory processes and Perception (Lecture 5-6))
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Sensation
- The stimulation of sense organs (e.g. touch and smell)
- Perception
- The selection, organisation & interpretation of sensory input
- At what month can phonemes be distinguishable?
- 2-3 months
- Visual Acuity improves rapidly over the first ___ months of a baby's life.
- 6 months
- At what month can children perceive depth?
- 4 months
- The perception of what supports infants earliest social relationships?
- Human faces
- Do babies that are still non-crawling fear the deep end in the visual cliff experiment?
- No, thus this wariness of heights is not 'prewired' but develops quickly as children begin to explore the world under their own power.
- What happens to our VISION as we age?
-
-Cornea is more translucent (scatters light)
-Harder to focus on close objects
-Cataracts risk increase
-Yellow lens
-Visual acuity worsens
-Macular degeneration - Effects of degenerating vision
-
-Lack of confidence
-Affect leisure pursuits
-Isolating - What happens to our HEARING as we age?
-
-Prebycusis
-Cannot detect soft sound
-Responsiveness to startling noises decreases
- Effects of Hearing loss
-
-Affects safety and enjoyment of life (life satisfaction)
-Less impacting than visual impairment - What is the average age where there are major declines in sensations and perception?
-
Vision = 70
Hearing =70
Taste and smell = 60
Touch =70
Average 60-70 - What happens to our TASTE AND SMELL when we age?
-
-Reduced sensitivity for the 4 tastes (salty, sweet, sour & bitter)
-decline in sensitivity to odors (e.g. fruity, musky, floral or sweet) - What happens to our TOUCH when we age?
-
Decline in the sensitivity of our hands
(crucial for the visually impaired) - The four aspects of perceptual organisation
-
Form perception
Depth perception
Motion perception
Perceptual perception - Perceptual organisation
- Organizes a continuous array of sensations into meaningful units
- Sensation (Biological definition)
- The process by which the body gathers information about the environment and transmits the information to the brain for initial processing
- Perception (Biological definition)
- An active process by which the brain selects, organises and interprets sensory information
- Form perception
- Organises SENSORY information into meaningful shapes and patterns
- Ambiguity is important to consider for what?
- Vision
- Gestalt view
- The whole is more then the sum of the parts
- What are the 5 gestalt principles?
-
1)Proximity
eg.Line of dots
2)Closure
eg.Dashed circle
3)Similarity
eg. Grouping similar dots
4)Simplicity
eg.Triangle and rectangle
5)Continuity
e.g continuous line - Depth perception
- Organizing perception into three dimensions
- Binocular cues
- Visual input integrated from the 2 eyes
- Monocular cues
- Visual input from one eye
- What do Binocular cues and Monocular cues provide information to?
- Depth Perception
- Retinal disparity and convergence contribute to which type of depth perception cue?
- BINOCULAR depth perception cues
- Retinal disparity
- The greater the difference between the pictures, the closer the object (as each eye has a different picture of the world)
- Convergence
-
Eyes point inwards when looking at CLOSE objects
Eyes point outwards when looking at FAR objects - Distal stimulus
- The physical object from the world (distant from the observer)
- Proximal stimulus
- The optical image on the retina (Near the obesrver)
- Ambiguity
- Concept that a a single image at the sensory level can have multiple interpretations at the perceptual and identification levels
- Perceptual constancy
- Size, light and shape constancy (based on position)
- The role of attention in perception
- Due to the finite amount of info we can process, we tend to focus our attention on what we need to focus on, thus ignoring everything else
- The role of motives in perception
- Motivation would also drive our perception. For example if you are hungry and pass a bakery, your perception and attention would be focused on the food.
- The role of expectations in perception
-
We expect to see something have what we perceive that they should have. For example bakeries should have baked good in their windows, not car parts.
- Schemas
-
Enduring knowledge structures
e.g. knowing the content of a bakery (aids in perception) - Attention in symptom perception may be due to what?
-
Internal and external stimuli which compete for attention
When the environment it boring, we pay attention to the body, notice more symptoms
Distraction can reduce this - Attention
- A state of focused awareness on available information
- The law of proximity
- Grouping the most proximal (nearest) elements
- The law of similarity
- Grouping the most similar elements
- The law of good continuation
- The experiencing of lines as continuous even when they are interrupted
- The law of closure
- The tendency to fill in gaps to experience objects as wholes
- What is the Gate control theory?
- A hypothetical mechanism called the gate exists at the spinal cord level. This receives input which either opens or closes the gate.
- Describe the difference of the inputs of the gate control theory (Sensation and Perception)
-
Sensation - Ascending messages from PNS carry pain messages to spinal cord to open or close the gates
Perception - Descending influences such as past experience of feeling that pain, attention and behavioral states open or close the gate - Schemas in symptom perception
- Can drive searches for symptoms and influence interpretation
- Size constancy
- The ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal image
- Shape constancy
- The ability to perceive the true shape of an object despite variations in the size of the retinal image
- Lightness constancy
- The tendency to perceive the whiteness, grayness or blackness of objects as constant across changing levels of illuminations.
- What are the 3 theories of chronic pain
-
-Gate control theory
-Operant conditioning theory
-Cognitive behavioral theory - Operant Conditioning model
-
Modifies the probability of different types of behavior as a function of the environmental consequences they produce
For example in chronic pain, overt manifestation of pain behavior prompts desirable attention, thus the behavior is likely to be repeated in the future. - Cognitive behavioral model
-
The role of patients appraisals and coping strategies are of primary importance. People with chronic pain are perceived as active processors of information.
The persons perception impacts on their behavior - What is the difference between the operant model and the cognitive model?
-
The operant conditioning model is based on reinforcement or punishment
The cognitive behavioral model is based on their own perception of the pain (actively perceiving) - Treatment for chronic pain
- Operant conditioning + Cognitive Behavioral model + verbal praise + distraction