Cardiovascular system (1) - medsci
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- What is the daily output of the human heart ?
- 7000 L
- What is the mass of the heart?
- 300g
- What percentage of the 5L of blood is in the pulmonary circuit?
- 9%
- What percentage of the 5L of blood will be in the systemic circuit?
- 84%
- What is the peak pressure in the Right Atrium?
- 2-5mmHg
- What is the peak pressure in the Right Ventricle?
- 5-25mmHg
- What is the peak pressure in the Left Atrium?
- 5-8mmHg
- What is the peak pressure in the Left Ventricle?
- 8-120mmHg
- What is the function of the auricle?
- Increases volume in the atrium
- Which of the capillary systems in the systemic circuit has portal veins?
- Gut -> Liver has Hepatic Portal veins
- The Auricle has a smooth interior. True or false?
- False, it is the Atria that are smooth
- In the anterior view, which is more posterior? The pulmonary trunk or the aorta
- Aorta
- What is the largest vein in the body
- Vena Cava
- What is the largest artery in the body
- Aorta
- Wall thickness ratio in the ventricles
- 3:1
- Peak pressure ratio in the ventricles
- 5:1
- What closes the Ventricular outlet valves?
- The pressure of blood trying to reenter the ventricle.
- In what anatomical position is the apex of the heart?
- Inferior and anteriorally to the left
- 2/3 of the heart is on the left/right side
- Left
- What forms the right border of the heart?
- Right ATRIUM
- What forms the inferior border of the heart?
- Right ventricle
- What forms the left border of the heart?
-
Left Ventricle
- What is the pericardium
- A "Double walled bag"
- What does the parietal pericardium line?
- fibrous pericardium
- What are the walls of the pericardium comprised of?
- Squamous mesothelial cells
- What is inside the pericardial space and what is its purpose?
- A thin film of fluid in the pericardium space allows the visceral and parietal pericardium to slide without friction as the heart beats
- Infarction
- Death of tissue (lack of oxygen)
-
Both Myocytes and Purkinje fibres contract.
True or False? - False. Only Myocytes contract. Purkinjke fibres are part of the conduction system of the heart.
- Why is there only a small rise in atrial pressure?
-
1) Atrial muscle layer is thin
2) There are no valves where the pulmonary vein enter so there is nothing to prevent backflow - Tunica interna has 3 layers
- Endothelium, Basement membrane, Internal elastic lamina
- What is the name of the muscular layer in a blood vessel containing smooth muscle and elastic fibres?
- Tunica Media
- What is the role of smooth muscle fibres in the tunica media?
- To regulate the size of the lumen
- What 2 layers does an Artery have that is not present in the vein?
- Internal and External elastic Lamina
- Vasospasm
- Limits blood flow and thus reduces blood loss when the vessel is damaged.
- Elastic Arteries primary function
- Propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing. This is done using the elastic recoil. They smooth the pulsatile flow of blood leaving the ventricles.
- In Muscular arteries, smooth muscle is approximately __/__ of the total mass, making the walls very ______
-
3/4 of the total mass
Thick - Muscular arteries have as many as ___ layers of smoothmuscle compared to smaller arteries who have less than 3
- 40
- Which of the arteries are good at directing blood flow?
- Muscular arteries
- Arteriole primary function is?
- The control of blood flow into capillary beds
- Which of the vessels have the largest tunica media relative to their size?
- Arterioles
- Capillary function
- Thin walls (Single layer of epithelium) which enable exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes.Leaky.
- What is NOT present in capillaries?
- Smooth muscle and connective tissue
- White blood cells are not really 'blood cells'. What kind of cells are they?
- Connective tissue cells
- Venule function
- Low pressure vessels that drain capillary beds.
- Veins function
-
Low pressure vessels that drain blood back into atria. Compliant and can act as a reservoir which stores blood. (64% blood volume are in veins and venules)
Contain valves - Varicose veins
- Lack of valve function resulting in pooling of blood.
- Where do coronary arteries arise?
- From the aorta, downstream from the aortic valve.
- Ischemia
- Lack of oxygen
- Angina
- Chest pain
- Anastomoses
- Artery to artery junctions
- Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by?
- Infected muscle fibres (from alcohol or viral infection) that are attacked by lymphocytes which are then left weak and slow to contract
- Which of the ventricles is most affected by dilated cardiomyopathy?
- Left ventricle due to high pressure
- Mitral regurgitation causes what to happen in the pulmonary capillaries?
- Increase in blood leakage into the lungs (from 10->25)
- Elastic artery distinctive
-
Very Large
Many sheets of elastin - Muscular Artery distinction
-
Distribute blood at High Pressure (medium in lungs)
Controls Rate of blood flow by changing RADIUS
MANY layers of smooth muscle (40) - Arteriole distinction
-
Thick Tunica Media relative to size
Degree of constriction here determines MAP
1-3 layers of smooth muscle - Capillary distinction
-
Thinnest walls (only one layer of endothelium)
Slowest blood movement to allow for exchange to occur
No smooth muscle or connective tissues
- Venule Distinction
-
Site where Neutrophils and other white blood cells leave the blood to attack bacteria in tissues
Only Endothelium and some connective tissue
Larger ones have one layer of smooth muscle - Vein distinction
-
Thin walled (but similar to muscular artery)
Compliant, can act as reservoirs
(64%)
Only vessel with valves
- Coronary arteries distinction
- Muscular arteries