Logic Vocab. 1
Terms
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- Philosopher
- Greek "philos" and "sophia" meaning "lover of wisdom". Student of philosopher.
- Metaphysics
- the branch of academic philosophy that deals with the question, "What is really Real?"
- Epistemology
- from Greek “episteme†meaning “knowledge; used in modern sense to refer to the basis for knowledge, or how we know what we know. Also, the branch of academic philosophy that deals with the question, “How can we know what we know?â€.
- Logic
- from the Greek “logos†meaning “reasonâ€. The art and science of reason, usually divided into two subdivisions, or areas of study: “formal†and “informalâ€.
- Formal Logic
- the reason in the abstract focusing on deductive reasoning, in which the validity of an argument is based solely on the structure of the argument and the premises imply a necessary conclusion.
- Informal Logic
- deals with ordinary-language arguments that tend to emphasize inductive reasoning. The structure of the argument is less the issue than the weight of the evidence, and the arguments are generally determined to be reasonably accurate with more or less probability.
- Deductive Reasoning
- a method of determining the validity of a formal argument in which the conclusion must, necessarily, be true if the premises used to support it are true. It is whole-to-part reasoning. Deductive arguments are said to be black or white and can’t be gray.
- Inductive reasoning
- a method of determining the validity of an informal argument whch tends to start with evidence that can be observed (with the senses) and compiled and works toward generalizations that are reasonably accurate with more or less probability (part-to-whole reasoning). Inductive arguments are said to be either strong or weak.
- Fallacy
- Latin (to deceive) can be a deception or a trick. A commonly recognized bad argument failing to meet the requirements of relevance, clarity, or presumption.
- Propaganda
- techniques used to influence the opinion of others to do or believe something that they otherwise might not. Example: advertisements.