Mycology & Parasitology
Terms
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- Hyphae without septate and zygospores
- Phyla Zygomycota
-
Tinea corporis
Tinea capitis
Tinea cruris
Tinea mannum
Tinea unguium
Tinea favosa
Tinea imbricata -
body tinea
head tinea
groin tinea
hand tinea
nail tinea
favus tinea (hair of children?..T. schoenleinii)
body tinea (T concentricum) - Candidiasis
-
*moniliasis, thrush (creamy patches on buccal mucosa and tongue), yeast infection*
C. albicans - fungal infection of skin, nail, and mucocutaneous membranes
- in normal flora.. so only cause infection in immunocompromised pts
- onycomycosis - nail infection in individauls whose hands are usually wet due to their occupational work
- diaper candidiasis
- vulvoganitis = imidazole cream - Cauliflower-like skin masses and sclerotic bodies
-
Chromoblastomycosis
- Cladosporium carrionii
- Fonsecaea pedrosoi
- Phialophora verrucosa
- Rhinocladiella aquaspersa - Positive Germ Tubes
-
Candida albicans
(C. albicans and Malassezia furfur are considered normal flora!) - Brown pigmented hyphae
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Phaeohyphomycosis
*Different from chromoblastomycosis is that ph RARELY produces sclerotic bodies in the infected tissue*
- cutaneous abscesses and granulomatous cysts
*Wangiella dermatitidis = systemic infection --> high rate of mortality - Cigar-shaped yeast cells
-
Sporotrichosis
- often induced by rose thorns/splinters - Broad-based buds
-
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- North America - Gilchrist's disease
- infection of URT
*primary pulmonary - Spherules with endospores
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Coccidioidmycosis
- Valley fever, Posada's disease - Dry area (Texas, New Mexico, etc.) of the Americas
-
Coccidioides immitis
Primary
- Pulmonary (most are asymptomatic)
- Cutaneous (rare)
Secondary
- Pulmonary (benign chronic and progressive)
- Disseminated (CNS, chronic cuteanous, generalized) -
Intracellular budding cells,
Bat guano or chicken houses,
Neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia -
Histoplasma capsulatum
- Darling's disease, reticuloendoteliosis
- affects healthy individuals (chronic) & compromised immune system pts
- Multiple budding cells
-
Paracoccidioidomycosis
- Granulomatous infection that disseminates to the skin, mucous membranes, etc.
- Also present in healthy individuals - Sulfur grains (compact mass of hyphae)
- Eumoycetoma
-
Spaghetti and meatballs,
Scaly round patches -
Pityriasis versicolor... caused by Malassezia furfur (requires oil to grow in culture)
Tinea versicolor - Macular skin lesion
- Pityriasis nigra (tinea nigra)
-
Circular lesion,
Arthrospores and hyaline septate hyphae - Dermatophytes
-
Single budding cells within capsule,
POsitive india ink stain,
Bird/pigeon droppings -
Cryptococcosis,
Cryptococcus infection,
Cryptococcus neoformans
- most frequent form of crypto. Meningitis, meningoencephalitis, cryptococcoma - Nosocomial infection
-
Aspergillosis
- (opporunistic fungi?)
- systemic candidiasis??
*poor prognosis* - Nematode
-
Ascaris
Enterobiasis
Onchocerciasis
Dracunculiasis
- Strongyles = ONLY nematode infection exacerbated in immunosuppression (HIV) - Cestodes
-
Tapeworms - segmented
- taenia saginata
- taenia solium
- echinoccocus (?) - Trematodes
-
Flatworms - flukes
- fasciola
- paragonimus
- schistosoma - Sarcodina
-
Amoebae
- unicellular, simple structures
- tough, cystic wall
- pseudopod movement
entamoeba; entamoeba coli; isopora (diarrhea); microsporidium (from silkworms, bees); cyclospora (outbreak from strawberries in MI) - Intestinal diseases
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Giardia
Crptosporidia
Amebiasis
Ascaris
Trichuris
Strongyloides
Chagas disease
[Trypanosomiasis]
Tape worms
Visceral leishmaniasis - Giardiasis
-
- Most important *WATERBORNE* pathogen in the U.S. ..but is a worldwide disease
- Not of greater severity in immunocompromised patients BECAUSE.. it does not cause an inflammatory response!!
- fecal/oral route
- trophozites develop into oval cysts
TX: metronidazole
Immunity - IgA - Cryptosporidiosis
-
Destroys enterocytes! - causes waterborne enteritis
Fecal/oral route
Cysts - inflammatory response!!
TX: oral rehydration if immune system intact.. Aids patients use spiramycin - Amoebiasis
-
Entamoeba Histolytica
- Middle East & South America
- Fecal/oral route
- lower bowel hemorrhage and liver abscesses
TX: idioquinol - Ascaris
-
Human roundworms..
- largest nematode
Ingestion of mature eggs, larvae released on ingestion, coughed up and return to gut
- causes death by obstruction of duodenum
TX: albendazole - Trichuris
-
Whipworm
- blood suckng parasite of large bowel
- "wormy people"
Fecal/oral route... anemia & hemorrrhagic diarrhea
TX: albendazole - Dermal parasitic infections
-
Ectoparasites - lice, mites, fleas, bugs, ticks, flies
Endoparasites - tungiasis, myiasis
- enterobiasis, onchocerciasis, dracunculiasis, Loa loa, leishmaniasis ??? - Pediculosis
-
*Lice*
- blood suckers on head
- transmission: contact
TX: insecticides - Phthirius
-
*crab lice
Transmission: venereal - sticks to pubic hair region
TX: put clothes in dryer for 20 min - Sarcoptes
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*mites*
- cause mange (scabies in humans)
Transmission: contact
- eggs laid in burrowed tunnels
- causes itchiness
- HIV/AIDS pts: norwegian scabies (extensive darkened and scaling skin)
TX: ivermectin - Demodex
- hair follicle mite
- Fleas
-
blood suckers
transmission: contact (especially with cat flea on animal, furniture, carpet..etc)
- hypersensitivity
TX: insecticides - Ticks
-
periodic blood suckers
- Wnat to get rid of tick within 24 hrs!..otherwise they start to transmit disease
- Transmission: contact
- TX: pull out
Lyme disease - Cimex
-
bed bugs
- irritating bites
- sensitization to salivary antigens - Triatoma
-
kissing bugs
- drop from ceiling and suck blood from host while pooping out back end onto host
- can transmit Chaga's disease (Romano's sign - swollen eye because of allergy.. 10 years later because of autoimmune interaction between parasite and host) - Myiasis
-
Jiggers, chiggers
- lump on skin contains larvae of Housefly, black spot in center of lump is site of entry
- bacon therapy - Enterobiasis
-
pinworms (nematode)
fecal/oral route
- sticky eggs causes itchiness and perianal irritation
- vulvo/vaginitis in females
TX: albendazole - Onchocerciasis
-
Nematode
Causes River Blindness.. transmission by Black Fly
Causes blindness and severe dermatitis when worm dies, thin skin (atrophy), destroyed melanin pigment
TX: ivermectin - Dracunculiasis
-
Guinea Worm
- warborned filarial nematode
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated water
- Adult under skin sheds larvae into water.. can cause ulceration
TX: wind worm around a stick as it emerges - Loiasis
-
Loa Loa
In itself, it does not cause disease
Transmission: insect vector
TX: ivermectin?? - Leishmaniasis
-
Protozoa
Transmission: Sand Fly is vector
- Lives and replicates in macrophages
- ulcer.. parsites at edge - Reproductive/Urinary Tract Parasitic Diseases
-
Trichomonas
Schistosomiasis
STD
Crab Lice - Trichomoniasis
-
Transmission: ONLY veneral - partner to partner (high prevalence among sex workers)
- infects squamous cells, can survive several hours in moist environment, no cystic forms occur (is NOT in environment, like toilet seats etc)
- symptomatic in females: yellow discharge, erythrematous vulva
- discharge contains large # of neutrophils!
**Differential diagnosis with candidiasis.. (does NOT have pungent odor!!)
TX: metronidazole
immunity if PMNs and macrophages capable of killing - Schistosomiasis
-
"Bilharzia"
Trematode
Transmission: freshwater snails, birds
- bladder cancer!
- liver fibrosis (scarring)
TX: praziquantel - Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases
-
Malaria
Paragonomiasis
Trichinella
Nematodes
Filariasis - Pneumocystis carinii
-
Protozoa!
Transmission: aerosol
- silver stains
- opportunistic proliferation in T-cell deficient immunocompromised
TX: aerosolized petamindine - Paragonamiasis
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Trematode
Transmission - house dust mites, cockroaches
- leads to lung fibrosis, allergies, asthma - Trichinella
-
- pigs get infected by eating garbage
transmission: eating poorly cooked pork
- invade muscle cells (NURSE CELLS!) - live there for years, waiting for another anmial to eat muscle
- enteritis syptoms, hard to breath, eyelids and tongues muscles attacked
TX: albendazole and anti-inflammatory agents - CNS parasitic diseases
-
Toxoplasma
Cysticercosis
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria - Toxoplasma
-
coccidain parasite
- need to be conerned about if pregnant! (may contract from cats)
Transmission: from cats, transplacental, oral ingestion of tissue cysts eg. cattle meat
- inflammation!! - Naegleria
-
Transmission: warm fresh water, swimming hole
- invades via olfactory epithelium --> olfactory nerve --> brain
- induces purulent meningitis in brain
*FATAL* - Acanthamoeba
-
Tranmission: contaminated contact lens solution
- invasive to cornea, perivascular location
FATAL -
Taenia Saginata
&
Taenia Solium -
saginata: not problematic, zoonotic infection, ingesting infected beef
solium: ingesting infecte dpig.. larvae invade eye, CNS< muscle, skin, neurocysticercosis = serious CNS problem
Control - vaccinate pigs TX: albendazole and surgery - Trypanosomiasis
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T. Brucei
- African sleeping sickness
- Tsetse fly vector
T. Cruzi
- South America
- Triatomid bugs (kissing bugs)
- Chaga's disease - Vascular parasitic diseases
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Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Lympathic filariasis - Filariasis
-
Nematode
1/15 people infected
transmission: mosquito
- adult in lymphatics (does not block them)
- microfilia in blood
Elephantitiasis: skin changes
Lymphedema: accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues
Hydrocele: accumulation of lymph in scrotal sac - Hookworms
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*Systemic parasitic infection*
- blood suckers - major cause of anemia
Transmission: skin penetration by larvae --> venules --> lungs --> gut
TX: albendazole - Malaria
-
*systemic parasitic infection*
- greatest causes of mortality/morbidity
- mosquito borne
- fevers, cerebral syndrome (ring hemorrhage), anemia, renal complications, hepato-splenomegaly
TX: artemesin
- Toxocara
-
Dog and cat roundworms
Fecal/oral route
- cannot complete cycle in humans!! eggs present and mature in moist soil
TX: anhelmintics - Echinococcus granulosus
-
Hydatid disease - small tapeowrm of dog cut
Tranmission: dog feces
- cystic larvae eaten by dogs to complete life cycle and dog feces eaten by herbivores
TX: anhelmintics & surgery - Strongyloides
-
free living non-pathogenic soild nematodes!
- Transmission: skin penetration
**Autoinfection - larvae penetrate lower bowel, enter venule, recycle themselves.. can persist for many years in huge #s
- hemorrhage due to invasion
TX: Albendazole