Lymphatics & Immunity

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What type of markers do Cytotoxic T cell have?: CD8
What is innate defense?: -nonspecific
-does not distinguish between pathogens
-immediate protection
What is adaptive immunity?: - acquired
- specific defence
- involve lymphocytes (can only recognize one specific self marker)
- takes longer to react
- requires assistance of innate system
What is first line of defense?: Physical Barriers
- skin
What is second line of defense?: Cellular & Chemical (Innate)
1. nonspecific cellular defenses
- Phagocytes
- Natural Killer Cells
2. Chemical Defenses
- antimicrobial proteins
- inflammation
What is 1st line of defense?: Physical Barriers (Innate)
1. Skin
- Sebum
2. Mucous Membranes
- mucus & cilia
- enzymes (saliva & tears)
- HCl in stomach
What are Antigen Presenting cells?: - Phagocytes
- display non-self proteins (antigens) on surface to trigger response by adaptive immune system
What are Neutrophils?: - most numerous
- first to arrive
- dying neutrophils = pus
- phagocyte
What are macrophages?: - phagocytic monocytes
- histiocytes, microglia, kupffer cells
What are Natural Killer Cells?: - lymphocytes
- kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
- do not recognize particular pathogens
- kill by releasing perforin
What is perforin?: - protein released by NK cells that cause a hole to form in membrane of foreign cells
What is an Interferon?: - proteins released by a cell infected by virus
- promote production of antiviral proteins from neighbouring cells
- affective against any type of virus
What is Complement?: - Large family of proteins
- produce enzyme cascade
- activated by innate or adaptive immune system
What are the actions of Complement?: - enhance inflammatory response (release histamine and increase vascular permeability)
- chemotaxic compounds
- opsonization (coats pathogen, enhancing phagocytosis)
- produces MAC (membrane attack complex)
What are the caridnal signs of inflammation?: 1. Heat
2. Redness
3. Pain
4. Swelling
What is an antigen?: Any substance that can initiate an immune response
What cells can act as antigen presenting cells?: - Innate System
- Phagocytic cells (2nd line of defense)
What is the third line of defense?: Adaptive Immunity
- Specificity
- Versatility (recognize variety of pathogens
- Tolerance (distinguish self-cells from foreign cells)
- Memory (respond quicker with subsequent exposure)
What is an antigenic determinant?: - only certain parts of an antigen are immunogenic
- most pathogens have numerous antigenic determinants that can mobilize several lymphocytes
What are Class I MHC?: - found on all nucleated cells
- can attach non-self antigens that signal lymphocytes of infection
- recognized by Cytotoxic T Cells
What are the 2 classes of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity?: 1. B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
2. T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
What are B Lymphocytes (B Cells)?: - classified as antibody-mediated immunity (Humoral Immunity)
- destroy pathogens in ECF
- tag pathogen with antibodies that target it for destruction
- not able to directly kill pathogen
What are T Lymphocytes (T Cells)?: - classified as cell-mediated immunity
- directly kill pathogens
- respond only to antigens displayed on suface of body cells
- help activate B cells by releasing chemicals that stimulate B cell division
On what type of cells are class II MHC markers found?: - Antigen Presenting Cells
- B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
What are Helper T Cells?: - Initiate immune response by releasing cytokines that activate other T cells & B cells
What are Cytotoxic T Cells?: directly attack cells that are affected by a pathogen or cancer cells
Which T Cells have CD8 markers?: Cytotoxic T Cells
Suppresor T Cells
Which cells have CD4 markers?: Helper T Cells
Which T Cells recognize Class I MHC-antigen complexes?: Cytotoxic T Cells
Which T Cells recognize Class II MHC-antigen complexes?: Helper T Cells
What lymphocytes are referred to as humoral immunity?: B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
Which lymphocytes are referred to as cell mediated immunity?: T Lymphocytes
What are plasma cells?: - B Cells
- secrete antibodies specific for the antigen that activated them
What type of cells produce antibodies?: - activated B Plasma Cells
Describe the actions of antibodies in eliminating pathogens.: - soluble proteins
- consist of gamma globulin
- can inactivate and tag a pathogen for destruction
- cannot directly destroy a pathogen
What is neutralization?: prevent binding of antigen to target tissue
What is precipitation?: clumping of soluble antigens
What is agglutination?: clumping of cells with surface antigens
What is opsonization?: - coating an antigen
- increases efficiency of phagocytes
What is IgD?: Inserts into their own plasma membrane.
What is IgM?: - act as antigen receptors on immature B cells
- predominant class after initial contact but overtaken by IgG
What is IgA?: - mucous membranes
- saliva and tear
What is IgG?: - 75% in blood
- predominant in second immune response
- ONLY ONE that can cross placenta
What is IgE?: - associated with parasites and allergens
- when they attach to mast cells, they produce histamine
- causes allergic reactions
Which class of antibodies is the first to increase during the primary immune response?: IgM
Which class of antibodies reaches the highest levels during the secondary immune response?: IgG (75%)
Which class of antibodies can be passed across the placenta?: IgG
Which class of antibodies is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections?: IgE
Which class of antibodies is found in greatest quantities on mucous membranes?: IgA
What is the function of memory cells?: - activate B cells
- do not participate in the immediate immune response
- respond to subseequent infections by the same antigen
What is the primary immune response?: - first encounter with an antigen
- triggers formation and release of specific antibodies
What is the secondary immune response?: - re-exposure to the same antigen
- triggers a quicker, larger, and longer lasting secondary response
- usually eliminates pathogen before it can cause disease
What is active immunity?: B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them an produce memory cells
What is naturally acquired active immunity?: response to a bacterial or viral infection
What is artifically acquired active immunity?: response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
What is passive immunity?: - antibodies are given
- no exposure to antigen so B cells remain naive
- immunological memory does not occur
- protection ends when antibodies naturally degrade
What is naturally acquired passive immunity?: - from the mother to her fetus via placenta
What is artificially acquired passive immunity?: from the injection of serum, such as gamma globulin

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Number of cards 58

Created By daisy497