Psych Module 22 and 23
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Cognition
- Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
- Concepts
- A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
- Prototype
- A mental image or best example of a category. Provides an easy method for matching new items to a category
- Algorithms
- Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution (looking through every isle of a store to find the thing you need)
- Heuristics
- Thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms)
- Insight
- a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (contrasts with strategy-based solutions)
- Activity in the ____________ accompanies insight solutions to word problems
- right temporal lobe
- Conformation bias
- A tendency to search for information that confirms your preconceptions
- Fixation
- Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
- Functional fixation
- The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions (looking for a screwdriver when a dime would work)
- We usually make everyday decisions based on...
- Intuition
- The Representativeness Hueristic
- Judging the liklihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead a person to ignore other relevant information
- The Avalibility Hueristic
- Estimating the liklihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common (words beginning with "k" seem more common than words with "k" as the third letter, since we can think of them quickly, but the reverse is true)
- Overconfidence
- The tendency to be more confident than correct-- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
- Framing
- The way an issue is posed
- To scare people, you should frame risks as _______, not _______
- Numbers, not percentages
- The belief Perseverance Phenomenon
- Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- If asked to choose between two things, we often go with __________
- the one we recognize
- Absent-Mindedness
- Inattention to detail, leads to encoding failure
- Transience
- Memory storage decay over time
- Blocking
- Inaccessibility of stored information
- Misattribution
- Confusing the source of information (thinking something in a dream really happened)
- Suggestibility
- Lingering effects of misinformation (asking a question in a certain way may cause a false memory to form)
- Bias
- Belief-colored recollection
- Persistence
- Unwanted memories (being haunted by something horrible)
- Forgetting curve
- Forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off
- Retrieval Failure
- We have stored a memory, but can't retrieve it (cues can sometimes help)
- Interference
- Learning items may interfere with retrieving others, especially when items are similar
- Proactive Interference
- Old stuff interfering with new stuff
- Retroactive Interference
- New stuff interfering with old stuff
- Positive Transfer
- When old information can help us learn new information (Latin can help us learn Spanish)
- Information learned right before sleep is protected from _______ interference
- Retroactive
- Why do we repress painful memories?
- To protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety
- Ways memories can be altered
- During encoding, or during withdrawal
- Misinformation Effect
- After exposure to subtle misinformation, many people misremember, and after enough, false memories can be created
- Source Amnesia or Source Misattribution
- Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (recognizing someone but not knowing who or why)
- SQ3R
- Survey Question Read Rehearse Review Ways to improve memory
- The most common response to a traumatic event is...
- To be haunted by it, not to forget