radio tv film 1310 exam 2

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radio's 3 c's indicate the: nature of the business
what are the radio's 3 c's?: competition
consolidation
control
there are more radio stations than: any other medium
5 times more radio stations than: newspapers
10 times more radio stations than: television
there's competition for --- --- within the radio market: advertising revenue
radio is a --- based medium: locally
am's in local markets rely on: local advertising
fm's frequently --- in larger cities: dominate
fm's have a combination of --- --- and --- ---: national spot
local advertising
80 percent of all radio listening: fm stations
the most profitable of all stations: -big fm stations in major cities
- am news/ talk stations in major cities
arbitron 2007 study says --- accounts for 3.4 percent of total radio listening: satellite
--- --- --- of radio reflects the companies now involved in the medium: increasingly competitive nature
--- lobbied to deregulate radio in the ----: nab
1990s
when the nab lobbied to deregulate radio... --- stations have largely disappeared --- restrictions were lifted --- shifted the radio landscape: -mom and pop

-group ownership

-telecommunications act of 1996
no limit to total number of stations a group can own: relaxed ownership standards
set as a maxiumum that group owners could own up to: 8 stations in one marketplace
--- of station owners formed: super groups
lma: leased or local market agreements
refers to the in-market control of radio stations in terms of numbers of stations and the amount of revenue in a single market by a one owner: duopoly
the arrangement that allows one station to oversee the programming, operation, and sales of another without owning it: lma
pre 1970s: am-fm-tv combos
effective 1970s: only am-fm combos
pre 1992: 1 am and 1 fm
effective 1992: 2 am and 2 fm
2 am and 2 fm combos provided such a combo reaches no more than -- of the market: 25 %
multiple radio station ownership limits for a: single market
limiting for a single market by multiple radio station ownership is determined by: number of stations in the market
limiting for a single market by multiple radio station ownership takes place in --- wish how many stations: the largest markets with 45 or more stations
no more than - radio stations and no more than - in the same service (am or fm): 8
5
markets with 30 to 44 stations: no more than 7 stations
no more than 4 in the same service
markets with 15 to 29 stations: no more than 6 radio stations
no more than 4 in the same service
markets with 14 or fewer stations: no more than 5 stations
no more than 3 in the same service
national multiple station limits for broadcast stations pre 1985: 7 am, 7 fm
national multiple station limits for broadcast stations effective 1985: 12 am, 12 fm
national multiple station limits for broadcast stations effective 1992: 18 am, 18 fm
national multiple station limits for broadcast stations effective 1994: 20 am, 20 fm
national multiple station limits for broadcast stations effective 1996: no limit on am or fm
america's -- largest radio group owners (----): 15
2009
advocates of consolidation maintain that group ownership allow for: economies of scale
advocates of consolidation maintain that group ownership allow for economies of scale because it allows for...: -better buying power
-more efficient programming execution
-shared resources leading to better news coverage
critics of consolidation point to: -reduce sensitivity to community concerns
-sameness in formats from market to market
-- -- -- are very structured: radio station formats
tend to be very tightly controlled by station management: formats and music playlists
conducted by group owners: rigorous consumer research
most markets in the us receive at least -- radio signals: 25
city where stations are located is called: market
most stations cater to: target audiences
most stations cater to to target audiences with a: specific demographic segment
sometimes stations catering to target audiences can be referred to as: narrow casting
the program strategy known as the radio stations format is: narrowcasting
successful format consistently delivers its target audience to: specific advertisers
target audience attributes include:: age
gender
income level
lifestyle and habits
most programmed format: country
many types of music fall into these categories: adult contemporary and oldies
adult contemporary and oldies tend to attract the audience most in demand by: advertisers
in contemporary hit radio...emphasis is on: most current hit music
in contemporary hit radio...music tents to be: uptempo
in contemporary hit radio...there is a --- --- of songs: fast rotation
in contemporary hit radio...djs tend to be: assertive and loud
popular ethinc formats (4): rhythmic chr
popular ethnic formats (4): rhythmic chr
rhythmic ac
urban oldies
urban contemporary
more popular ethnic formats (5): mexican regional
spanish adult hits
spanish tropical
spanish hot adult contemporary
spanish contemporary
program formats (13): rock
classic rock
triple a
sports talk
oldies/ nostalgia
classical
religious
jazz
alternative
disco
polka
eskimo
niche formats
how many radio stations are in noncommercial radio: 3000+
two broadcast categories in noncommercial radio:: npr and non-npr
three types of noncommercial radio: community stations
college radio
public radio
licensed to civic groups: community stations
sponsored by colleges and communication depeartments: college radio
cpb qualified radio stations: public radio
noncommercial radio frequencies...: none reserved for am radio
in 1941 the first channels were reserved for --- --- with the development of fm which channels: education use

5 lowest channels
when was the national public radio established?: 1970
the national public radio was the first --- --- radio network: satellite delivered
through the national public radio stations pay a fee to --- for service: npr
in the national public radio network a vast majority of non commercial radio networks are not: affiliated with npr
american public radio is now known as: public radio international
when was american public radio established?: 1983
the american public radio (public radio international offeres --- exclusively to station: market
when was the american public media established?: 2004
two --- --- -- --- have now merged: national satellite radio broadcasters
the primary income of satellite radio is from: subscriptions
the combined satellite radio company has more than --- --- subscribers: 20.5 million
the new satellite radio company broadcasts more than --- --- of programming: 300 channels
exclusive radio broadcasts from shock-jock howard stern, television magnate oprah and home-decorating guru martha stewart: through satellite radio
--- --- required to put a tuner on the consumer market capable of accessing both services soon after the merger: sirius/xm
sirius/xm required to permit any device manufacturer to develop equipment capable of: delivering the satellite service with no restrictions on adding other technologies
sirius/xm required to cap rates for: 3 years
radio station department responsible for placing advertising on the station schedule: traffic operations
television has moved from --- to ---: analog to digital
there are --- television networks and cable networks today than 10 years ago: more
television competes with home video, video games and the internet for: viewers
how many tv full- power stations are operating now: 1,700+
what percentage of full-power tv stations are commercial? noncommercial?: 78%

22%
program to attract the largest possible audience: commercial
commercial tv stations sell airtime to advertisers based on: how large the viewing audience is
commercial free funded by donations from viewers like you, businesses, and the governement: non commercial
most affiliated with pbs, college, or educational institutions: noncommercial
what is the total percentage of tv households: 98.2
how many tv homes are there in 2011: 116 million
what are the big four network television stations?: nbc
cbs
abc
fox broadcasting company
started originally as radio networks: the big 3
nbc: national broadcasting company
cbs: columbia broadcasting system
abc: american broadcasting company
what were the big three networks?: nbc cbs abc
started in 1986 by rupert murdoch. made the big four: fox broadcasting company
upn: united paramount network
started in 1995 star trek and wwe smackdown: united paramount network
wb: warner brothers
started in 1995 -buffy, 7th heaven and smallville: warner brothers
started in 1998 -programming based on family values: pax tv
broadcast tv business consists of: network tv and local tv
abc, cbs, nbc, fox: network tv
--- of total tv viewership on abc, cbs, nbc, and fox: 45 %
other networks on network tv include...: cw, univision, nbc, telemundo, multimedios, ion (formerly pax)
network tv ---- ---- and distributes to local tv station affiliates: develops programs
mnt has converted to a: syndication service
wfaa/abc: local channels
local channels are affiliated to a network and schedule programs around: network schedule
local telelvision stations may be classified as --- or --- or ---: network-affiliated stations
or
owned and operated
or
independent stations
local tv stations who are owned by a major network: owned and operated
most profitable local stations: owned and operated
local television stations are rated by: profitability
this service was created originally to promote minority ownership in 1982: lower-power television
lower-power television stations are limited to --- watts vhf and --- kilowatts on uhr: 3000
150
about --- lower power televisions are in operation mainly in ---- ----: 2300
rural areas
--- has the most lptv stations: alaska
--- --- and --- --- are likely in lptv: special interest
minority programming
rebroadcasts the programs of a full-power tv broadcast station: translator stations
typically serve communities that cannot receive the signals of free over-the-air tv stations: translator stations
why can't some communities not receive the signals of free over-the-air tv stations: -too far away from a full-power tv stations
-geography (uneven terrain or mountains)
lptv stations with upgraded interference protection rights and added requirements must air at least: 3 hours of locally produced programming each week
lptv stations iwth upgraded interference protection rights and added requirements must comply with most of the: non-technical regulations applicable to full-power stations
approximately 550 licensed: class a tv stations
call sign includes the suffix -ca: class a id
call signs may consist of four letters followed by suffix -lp: lptv stations
what is the alternate lptv station id?: 5 characters beginning with the letters k or w followed by 2 number and 2 additional letters
the june 12, 2009 deadline for ending analog broadcasts did not apply to: low power, class a, and tv translator stations
will require low power, calss a, and tv translator stations to convert to digital broadcasting sometime in the future: fcc
television owners tend to be: large corporations
station ownership was limited before the: telecommunications act of 1996
pre 1970: am-fm-tv combos permitted
effective 1970: no combos including tv
the total number of us tv homes reached by those stations with no limit does not exceed 35%...now --- as of ---: 39%
2003
tv duopolies pre 1999: 1 tv station to a market
tv duopolies 1999: 2 to a market with provisions
what are the provisions for tv duopolies in 1999: at least 8 stations in the market

only one of the stations can be among the top 4
programs to more than 350 stations in the us and us territories and prtectorates: pbs
watched by nearly 90 million homes weekly: public television
has a loyal following: pbs
typically pbs ratings hover around -- of homes in the us: 2%
public television viewers...: have high incomes and are well educated
pbs garners funding from ---, ---, and ---: local television stations
underwriting, and through federal grants
pbs has been an early advocate of: digital television
1948-52...: joint committee on educational television
non-commercial television reserved --- tv channels initially: 242
joint committiee on educational television -reserved 242 channels initially -sixth report and order -conflicting definitions for etv -wide-ranging cultural and information service -supplement to formal public school and adult education -: origins of non-commercial television
1967 carnegie commision study. -recommended a corporation for public television be established by congress: 2 more origins of noncommercial tv
how did non commercial tv follow the commercial model: -building audience
-strong network structure
non commercial broad cast television led to legislation in the form of the: public broadcasting act of 1967
created the corporation for public broadcasting: public broadcasting act of 1967
cpb: corporation for public broadcasting
cpb awards grants for high-quality programs from: diverse sources
cpb helped to build: network interconnection
corporation for public broadcasting promoted the development of more: public stations
corporation for public broadcasting conducted --- and ---: research
training
-name of the business -address or location of the business -telephone number of the business if it is an integral part of the operation -brand and trade names or service listings which do not include qualitative or comparative language. -value: fcc limits on underwriter announcements
public broadcasting programs are not found else where and provided a ------ on pbs: forum of display
pbs serves viewing needs not met by: commercial broadcasters
public stations are the last real bastion of: localism
public broadcasting presents programming aimed at --- and --- ---: instruction
informal education
detractors think that public broadcasting is: available elsewhere
detractors say that --- --- shouldn't be used to support broadcast stations: government money
detractors say that the --- --- should determine the fate of broadcast stations: market place
detractors say that programming offered is the root of --- in funding: shortcomings
--- target public broadcasting as being too liberal in news and public affairs presentations: conservatives
--- is a strong competitor to over-the-air television: cable
cable revenues exceeded ------ in 2007: 70 billion dollars
small -- --- systems in the 1960s (cable): 12 channel
in the 1970s -- --- cable systems were typical: 35 channel
in 2007, most people received nearly -- different channels: 80
broadcasters could either choose "must carry" or: retransmission consent
cable operators are obligated to carry local station: must carry
cable operators need to negotiate with cable company: retransmission consent
today most cable operators continue to carry programming of tv stations in their: service areas
major nets made programming available to cable in return for: channel space for new services
esa, lifetime, cnn and espn are examples of: advertiser supported basic cable services
electronic program guides and local government channels are examples of: specialty services
peg: local government channels
epg: electronic program guides
wtbs, wgn: superstations
ppv: pay per view
espn, cnn, etc are known as: advertiser- supported cable networks
independent or network stations to remote areas: distant signal imports
about --- of the --- --- homes in the us are capable of subscribing to cable: 98
105 million
--- households that subscribe to more than one pay service: multipay
systems with --- --- allow subscribers to pick movies and events on demand: addressable converters
cable has a high --- --- also known as the cost to: upfront capitalization

-wire each home
--- --- provides additional revenues when dealing with cable economics: tier system
local systems sell: local advertising
additional services such as high speed internet access provide additional: revenue streams
cable television systems are sold on the basis of: cost per subscriber
started in 1994 had on in five television viewers: direct broadcasting sattelites
which 2 companies provided dbs services: directv

disn network
broadcasts from powerful -- and newer -- band satellites: ku

ka
dbs sells --- of services: packages
dbs is generally cheaper than: cable television
more and more dbs markets have --- --- --- included: local television channels
television stations usually have --- divisions: five
division that sells times to advertisers: sales
division that keeps the station operating: engineering
division that is responsible for collecting money and paying the bills: business
division that develops programming for station: programmiong
division that produces local newscasts and informational programming: news
departments of the cable franchise (3): technology
marketing
customer service

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