Biology-Test1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- characteristics of living organisms
- order hierarchies; growth and biosynthesis; metabolism and regulation of metabolism; homeostasis; selective response; adaptation; reproduction.
- homeostasis
- maintain balance within normal limits for living organisms
- metabolism
- the sum of all processes that allow an organism to survive
- growth
- development of an organism to full maturity
- adaptation
- behavioral or physical adjustments that aid the life of the animals
- reproduction
- production of offspring by organized bodies
- first step in scientific method
- define the problem to be solved
- second step in the scientific method
- research background information
- third step in the scientific method
- formulate a hypothesis
- fourth step in the scientific method
- design and preform an experiment to test the hypothesis
- fifth step in the scientific method
- record data systematically
- sixth step in the scientific method
- interpret data and draw a conclusion - accept or reject hypothesis
- scientific naming
- genus first capitalized, then species NOT capitalized and then subspecies NOT capitalized, all underlined
- hypothesis
- a tentative answer to a well-framed question--explanation on trial--educated guess
- variable
- the object in an experiment that receives the change
- control
- the object in an experiment that stays the same
- hierarchy
- classification system by taxonomy for living organisms.
- holistic approach to biology
- larger scale objective of understanding emergent properties
- reductionism approach to biology
- the REDUCTION of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
- taxonomic classification (dashing king peter came over for great steamy sex)
- domain; kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species; subspecies.
- six kingdoms and their characteristics?
-
--archaebacteria- unicellular
--eubacteria- true bacteria
--protiste- "grab bag"
--fungi- non-photosynthetic; secrete an arsenal of enzymes
--plantae- photosynthetic
--animilia- cannot make their own food - difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
- prokaryotes lack a true nucleus; lacks membrane bound organelles with the exception of ribosomes. eukaryotic cells are 10x larger, have a true nucleus and contain membrane bound organelles
- DNA
- the molecule responsible for order in living organisms. contains biologically encoded instructions for each species
- cell is...
- basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms
- true or false: all cells come from pre-exsisting cells
- true
- schleiden and schwann cell theory
-
--all living things are composed of cells
--cells are the basic unit of structure and function in life
--all living cells come from pre-exsisting cells - control group vs experimental group
- in the control group the variable is not introduced. however in the experimental group the change or variable is introduced
- four most abundant elements found in living systems
-
-oxygen
-carbon
-hydrogen
-nitrogen - taxonomy
- classification
- namonclature
- naming
- what subatomic particles are responsible for the chemical properties of atoms?
- valence electrons
- protons
- in the nucleus of the atom and positively charged
- electrons
- orbit around the nucleus and negatively charged
- nuetrons
- in the nucleus of the atom and nuetrally charged
- isotopes
- atoms that differ in number of neutrons
- atomic number
- the number of protons that is unique to the particular element and is written in subscript on the left
- atomic mass
- the sum of protons plus nuetrons in the nucleus of an atom
- energy levels
- an electron cannot exsist between energy levels
- electronegativity
- the tendency of an atom to attract electrons
- hydrophobic
- "water-hating"
- hydrophilic
- "water-loving"
- ionic bonds
- electrons are gained or lost! can form between any two oppositely charged ions
- covalent bonds
- electrons are shared
- non-polar covalent bond
- electrons are shared equally
- polar covalent bonds
- electrons are shared *unequally
- hydrogen bonds
- 1/20th the strength of an ionic or covalent bond
- explain hydrogen bonding
- bonds form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
- hydrogen bonding affects on the water molecule?
- in water, strong hydrogen bonds would be ice... then when the bonds break and reform, liquid water is the structure. ice is less dense and ice is spacious and has fewer molecules
- what temperature is water most dense?
- 4 degrees because more molecules can act in a smaller area
- why is the freezing properties of water inportant to living organisms?
- ice is less dense and floats. it protects and insulates the organisms living beneath the surface
- four major macromolecules?
-
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- protiens
- nucleic acids - nature of carbohydrates
- both sugars and polymers of sugars
- nature of lipids
- includes fats, phosopholipids,and steroids that mix poorly with water, if at all.
- nature of phospholipids
- essential for cells because they make up cell membranes or biological membranes
- nature of nucliec acids
- (information molecules) a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers. - serves as a blueprint for protiens- DNA & RNA
- nature of protein
- molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three deminsional shape
- nature of steroids
- lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings *cholesterol is the basic building block of steroids
- saturated fats
- saturated with hydrogen atoms
- unsaturated fats
- hydrogen atoms removed
- "hydrogenated vegetable oils" on food labels means...
- unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
- the major function of fat?
- to store energy
- what happens when a protien denatures? causes?
-
-loses its tertiary structure and wont function
-*causes:temperature change; Ph changes; additon of chemicals
-ex: opaque egg white is called albumin.which is protien and when fried becomes white because of protein denaturing. - three components of a nucleotide?
-
-pentose-5 carbon sugar
-P04 - phosphate group
- nitrogenous base - amino acids are characterized by...
- one carboxyl group and one amino acid group
- during dehydration synthesis, what special bonds form at the point where amino acid monomers link together?
- peptide bonds
- important about the tertiary structure of protien...
- the tertiary structure is functional. and 3-D. it is the overall shape of a ploypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains of the carious amino acids
- plants store...
- starch
- animals store...
- glycogen
- two most important structual polysaccharides of living organisms?
-
-cellulose -found in plant walls
-chitin - exoskeleton of insects and anthropods - function of a buffer?
- substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution
- how do you figure pH of solutions?
-
defined as the negative logarithm(base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration
- pH= -log(H+) - if the pH changes from 1 to 3 what happens?
- it becomes 100x more basic because ever number you move is 10fold
- what is ATP? why is it important?
-
-"energy"
-related to nucleic acids - what types of plastids are found in plants?
-
-leukoplats
-chromoplast
-chloroplast - distinguish plant from animal cells...
-
-plants have cell walls
-animals have glycocalyx
-plant cells have plastids
-plant cells have lager vacuoles; animal cells are small if even present - golgi apparatus
- warehouse-products are modified, packaged, and shipped
- nucleus
- control center "brain"
- nucleolus
- assembly of ribosomes
- plasma membrane
- "traffic cop" phospholipid bilayer- selectively permeable
- endoplasmic reticulm (ER)
- series of membranes that continues from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane--- transportation railway system
- ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- chloroplasts
- stores green pigment - chlorophyll
- mitochondria
- folds increase surface area to help create more energy in the form of ATP -- site of cellular respiration
- cytoskeleton
- microtubles and microfilaments- supports "anchoring of organelles"
- lukoplasts
- clear, colorless plastid-stain-iodine "starch" - deep blue purple
- chromoplasts
- color pigments - sight of photosynthesis
- lysosomes
- hydrolytic enzyme-- garbage disposal and recycling done here
- selectively permeable
-
membrane that allows certian substances in but does not allow other substances in via size or chemical makeup
---- ex- water filter- big enough to let water out but catches all the big shit - what is NAD and FAD? Difference in their oxidized and reduced state???
-
--- they are electron carriers that donate electrons to the electron transport chain to produce the ion gradient which will eventually produce ATP
--FAD reduced form is FADH2
--NAD reduced form NADH - example of "structure is related to function in cells"
- flagellum in animal cells
- cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model...
-
the plasma membrane and the membrane of organelles consist of a double layer of the interior of a membrane;
-the phospholipid tails are hydrophobic just like the interior portions of membranes
-the phospholipds heads are hydrophilic - what functions do cholesterol and unsaturated fats serve in a cell membrane?
-
--related to the viscosity
-cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures by reducing phospholipid movement.
-unsaturated fats have links that keep the molecules from packing together enhancing membrane fluidity - viscosity
- the ability of cells to move in and around themselves
- diffusion
-
movement of substances from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.
*** Moving with the concentration gradient - dialysis
- process of seperating molecules in a solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane such as dialysis tubing
- hypotonic
- water will enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell and lyse like and overfilled water balloon
- hypertonic
- the cell will lose water to its enviroment, shrivel, and probably die.
- isotonic solutions
- isotonic to the cell there will be no net movement of water
- ways substances are moved in and out of the cell
-
-simple diffusion-osmosis(passive transport)
-facilitated diffusion(passive transport)
-biological pumps(active transport)
-endocytosis/exocytosis(active transport)
-dialysis
-junctions - endocytosis
- moves substances into the cell
- exocytosis
- moves substances out of the cell
- pinocytosis
-
"cellular drinking"
-movement of liquids into or out of cells - phagocytosis
- "cellular eating" movement of solid and large particles into or out of the cell
- plasmadesmata
- cytoplasmic extensions between adjacent plant cell
- junctions
- direct physical contact with which cells often adhere, interact, and communicate
- fluidity of membranes
-
the steroid cholesterol which is wedged between phospholipids molecules in the plasma membranes of animal cells
-has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures - turgid
- very firm
- plasmolysis
- the pulling away of the membrane as a plant cell shrivles
- facilitated diffusion
- passive diffusion with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane
- gated channels...
- open and close in response to stimulus
- active transport
- "against the concentration gradient"
- electochemical gradiant
- a chemical force and an electrical force acting on an ion
- electrogenic pump
- a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane