583 Module 1
Terms
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- Do jitter and shimmer increase or decrease with higher fundamental frequency and intensity?
- lower
- What is tidal breathing?
- Rest breathing, related to tidal volume`
- Is glottal spectrum predictable? How?
- Yes, multiply the f0, get harmonics.
-
F1 corresponds to...
f2 corresponds to...
f3 corresponds to... -
f1 = tongue height
f2 - tongue backness
f3 = perception of speech and intelligibility - When VT is lengthened, are formants lowered or raised?
- lowered
- The faster the glottal closure, the more _____ the harmonics.
- intense
- Why is there higher power in a lower pitched voice?
- Because harmonics are more compressed
- What do singers do with their formants?
- Blend f2 and f3 so sound can raise
- What is jitter?
- Periods different from one to next.
- How do you find jitter?
- Keeping strobe looking at same part of cycle
- What is shimmer?
- Intensity of glottal pulse different from one to next
- What are the 4 parts of an aerodynamic assessment?
-
1. Vital Capacity (how much can a person blow out after breath)
2. Mean Flow Rate (Phonatory flow rates, vowels)
3. Vary f0 and intensity and document flow changes
4. Subglottal pressure estimate (papapa) and glottal resistance (MFR) - What is Phonation Threshold Pressure?
- Lowest Ps at which phonation can be initiated. Varies with viscosity and tension. Titze: PTP lower at lower f0. And PTP lower with minimal prephonatory glottal opening.
- Is the open phase of a glottal pulse longer for males or females?
- males
- Does a breathy voice have a more sinusoidal wave or less sinusoidal?
- More
- What's different about the larynx and tongue between a child and an adult?
- They are higher up in a child
- What happens to a male's larynx during puberty?
- It doubles in size
- What are a newborns VFs like?
- No ligament, only gelatinous part and muscle. No intermediate level.
- What is VF ratio?
- Ratio of membranous portion to the harder part?
- What age to boys and girls have most voice problems?
- Before age 10 in boys. Adolescence for girls.
- What protects mens VFs as they get old?
- They have a bigger space between them.
- What happens to women's aging voices?
- They get deeper because the epithelium gets thicker.
- Do children use abs or ribs to breathe?
-
Babies use abs only 'belly breathers'
At age 10, pretty much use both abs and ribs like adults. - Why are women and children more breathy?
- Arytenoids take up more of the vocal tract and since they're abductory, more breathy
- Is the lungs' recoil force to expand or contract? What about the ribcage's recoil force?
-
Lungs = contract
Ribcage = expand - What percentage of vital capacity is rest breathing?
- 35%
- What muscles are used in inspiration?
- Diaphragm (makes cavity bigger), internal intercostals (bucket handle). Neck muscles can sometimes be involved.
- What muscles are used in expiration?
- Internal intercostals, transverse, internal obliques
-
What part of our VFs become less bulky as we age? (esp for men)
What age does it become noticeable. -
collagen/elastic fibres
~ age 70 - Which layers of the VFs have collagen & elastin?
- intermediate and deep layers
- Which layer of the VFs is densest and stiffest?
- the muscle layer
- Which layer is jelly-like?
- The superficial layer
- Which layer is the skin?
- epithelium
- The VFs get more ____ as you go deeper, towards the edge.
- viscous (stiff)
- What are the false VFs called?
- ventricular folds
- What are the lag factors?
-
Biomechanical lags: hand movements for VFs
Aerodynamic lags: kid on swing learning to pump, change positions, as long as there's a lag, it won't dampen) - What muscle gets stronger when men hit puberty?
- anterior cricothyroid
- What's the only muscle that abducts the VFs?
- Posterior Cricoarytenoid
- Within the cerebral cortex, the areas generally recognized as being important to speaking are...
-
-L frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe (Broca's area)
-the L angular gyrus of the parietal lobe
-the L superior temporal gyrus and tempoparietal region (Wernicke's area) - The emotional centre of the brain is also involved in talking. It is called:
- the limbic system
- Brodmann's area is important because...
- it contains many cell bodies of the motor nerves that operate skeletal muscles during voluntary movements such as speech
- Why is the postcentral gyrus important in speech?
- processes various types of sensory input (proprioceptive info regarding state of muscles)
- Why are the basal ganglia and cerebellum important in speech?
-
BG: has important motor and sensory relay and coordination areas such as the thalamus.
Cerebellum: plays a role in fine tuned coordinated movements. - Why is the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) in the midbrain important in speech?
- It's a critical mass of neural cells that integrate the precise coordination of respiratory, laryngeal, and oral movements for vocal sounds of an emotional and involuntary nature and also during speech.
- Which cranial nerves are particularly important to communication?
- V (trigeminal), VII (facial), VIII (auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory), XII (hypoglossal)
- What are servomechanisms and what do they do?
- They're feedback devices, within the structures of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation and are an important part of the neuromotor system for vocal production.
- During conversation speech levels, subglottal pressures of from ___ to ___ are required to maintain phonation.
-
5
12 - How much of the vital capacity is used in conversation?
- 60% to 30%
- What it motor equivalence?
- It implies that wide variation in mechanical patterns within the breathing system is observes across individuals when they prepare for, initiate, and sustain phonation.
- What functional units make up the chest wall?
- ribcage and diaphragm-abdomen
- What do the relaxation curves describe?
- The nonmuscular passive chest wall displacement force potentials associated with two recoil reactions over a time-volume history for a specified body orientation.