Biology lab Final exam

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what are the basic steps of the scientific method?: -observation
-hypothesis
-experiment
-conclusion
what are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?: testable, repeatability, and a proposed explanation
pieces of information go into a generalization: inductive
using a law that is already written to make a generalization: deductive reasoning
the variables that are held constant: controlled variables
what you measure: dependent variables
what you manipulate: independent variables
-uses 2 different lense systems to form an image -have either 1 or 2 oculars: compound light microscope
-a light microscope used to view things at a much lower magnification -used to view large or liging organisms -2 ocular eye pieces (look at pg. 13): dissecting microscope
how do you determine total magnification?: take what the objective says, and multiply it by ten
how do you make a wet mount?: take the slide, then add a drop of liquid, then add a cover slide
cell theory:: -composed of one or more cells
-basic living unit of organization
-arise from pre-existing cells (by division)
dna, plasma membrane, cytoplasm:: structures/components of a cell
has dna but no defined nucleus, before the nucleus: prokaryote
true nucleus: eukaryote
what are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?: -spirillium
-coccus
-bacillus
what does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?: cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole
the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration: diffusion
the process where water moves from high water content (low solute) to low water content (high solute): osmosis
only allow certain molecules to cross: selective permeability
cell shrivels up: orenation
cell breaks: lysis
plant is happies: turgid
in an animal cell where all the water goes out...: hypertonic
in an animal cell where all of the water comes in: hypotonic
in an animal cell where water goes in and out: isotonic
animal cell- hypteronic leads to: orenation
animal cell- hypotonic leads to: lysis
chromatids and its associated proteins: dna
what is the basic shape of dna: double helix
how are dna components arranged?: complimentary strands
what are the 4 base letters: atcg
what are the four names of the bases: adenine
thynine
cytosine
guanine
what would be the complimentary base strand for... ACGTCGT: tgcagca
-viruses cannot replicate on their own -cut dna at specific base sequinces -"molecular scissors": restriction enzymes
restriction enzymes are used as a defense by: bacteria
packages of chromatin: chromosomes
chromatin=: dna
each chromosome is made up of these. 1 pair from mom, 1 pair from dad: genes
molecular forms of genes. -usually represented by letters of the alphabet: alleles
the genetic make up of an individual: genotype
how an individual looks: phenotype
both alleles received are the same: homozygous
both alleles received are different: heterozygous
occure more often-represented by uppercase letters: dominant
occur less often and are represented by lowercase letters: recessive
alleles that are expressed both partially to produce "in between" phenotypes: incomplete dominance
the process by with species change over time: evolution
all organisms produce more offspring than can survive in a world with limited resources.: natural selection
each offspring is different so some offspring will be more suited to their environment than others -"survival of the fittest": natural selection
how often an allele appears in a population: allele frequency
how do you calculate allele frequency?: # of times an allele is present in a population/ total number of alleles in a pop
change that increases an individuals chances of surviving an reproducing. some will inprove, some will decrease, some will not change the surviving and reproduction chances: adaptive changes
-predator/bean exercise -once you have "died" you got the better tool. the next generation from the unsuccessful will be successful.: microevolution in action
carry o2 from lungs to tissues, carry c02 as well: erythrocyte (rbc)
elevated in acute infections: tonsilitis, meningitis, pnemonia: neutrophil
elevated in allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections: eosinophil
elevated in chronic infections, granulocytic lukemia, hemolytic anemia: basophil
elevated in antibody reactions, lymphocytic lukemia, measles, mononucleosis, mumps: lyphocyte
elevated in chronic infections, tb, monocytic lukemia: monocyte
hemostasis, promote vascular spasm, and blood clotting: platelets
what main things make up the heart.: -right atrium
-left atrium
-aorta
-right ventricle
-left ventricle
-tricuspid valve
-bicuspid vavle
name the blood flow pattern in order.: from body...right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, to lung...left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aorta
responsible for moving the blood through the circulatory system: blood pressure
normal blood pressure: 120/80
after exercise...: up/down
external sex organs of the woman: vulva
cover and protect the urinary opening, the entrance to the vagina, and the clitoris: labia majora and labia minora
the sensitive female counterpart of the male penis: clitoris
receives the penis during copulation and also functions as a birth canal during delivery of the fetus: vagina
sexual intercourse: copulation
where the embryo develops during pregnancy: uterus
the internal lining of the uterus, changes during the menstrual cycle: endometrium
functions to support the fetus during pregnancy: cervix
also known as the fallopian tubes, branch from the upper right and left of the uterus and carry the egg from the ovary towards the uterus: oviducts
produce gametes at female hormones that maintain pregnancy and produce the secondary sexual characteristics of women: ovaries
eggs: gametes
male gonads; are carried in a sac, produce testosterone: testes
the sac that testes are in: scrotum
the male sex hormone responsible for male secondary characteristics: testosterone
where sperm is stored and this is closely associated with each testis: epididymis
a series of muscular contractions that occur in the reproductive tract of both sexes as a result of sufficient sexual stimulation: orgasm
sperm ducts: vasa deferentia
continues through the urethra and is expelled out the penis: semen
contains chambers of spongy vascular tissue that engorge with blood during sexual stimulation causing the penis to enlarge and stiffen: penis
can occur in a woman only during a certain time of the menstrual cycle: fertilization
the release of this causes maturation of an ovarian follicle and secretion of the female hormone estrogen from the ovarian follicle: follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone: estrogen
the release of a mature egg from the ovary: ovulation
what is the function of ovaries?: to produce eggs
what are the tubules called in with mammalian sperm are formed: seminiferous
what is the function of luteinizing hormone in females: causes ovulation
what is fertilization?: union of gametes, egg meets sperm
what structure is the male counterpart of the female clitoris?: penis
compare the size of bacteria cells human cheek cells and elodea cells: cheek cells are smaller and harder to see
what are the functions of cytoplasmic streaming?: positions chloroplast towards the light and distributes heat throughout the cells
when were cells discovered?: 1665- the 17th century
how has the microscope technology contributed to cell theory?: helps observe cells
what plant organelles are responsible for cellular support?: photosynthesis
-chloroplast capturing sunlight
name 2 functions of the circulatory system.: -move blood throughout your body
-carries oxygen throughout the body
-brings blood through the heart to the lungs to receive the oxygen needed
when you listen to your heart, what is actually making the "lub-dub" sound you hear?: the valves opening and closing (contracting)
is blood in the right ventricle highly oxygenated or deoxygenated?: deoxygenated
what are leukocytes and what function do they perform: they are white blood cells and they help to fight off infections
what is the role of thrombocytes in the circulatory system?: -to prevent blood clotting
-help to keep blood running smoothly to all parts of the body
a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name: species
the total of individuals of the same species occupying an area or making up a whole: population
a principle stating that both allele and genotype frequencies in a randomly-mating population remain constant and remain in this equilibrium across generations unless a disturbing influence is introduced: hardy-weinberg principle
disease vectors... how can diseases be spread? (4): -direct contact
-indirect contact
-inhaling airborne pathogens
-transmission of biological vectors
when an outbreak of disease spreads suddenly through a large portion of the population for a limited time: epidemic
involves a large portion of the population in many different countries: pandemic
produced the first single lense microscope: leeuwenhoek
who was the first to observe cells: hooke
oculars have a magnification of what by themselves?: ten
why did hooke name them cells?: they reminded him of the cubicles monks used to live in
cells come from: other cells
regulates what can come in and out: plasma membrane
means kernel, referring to the nucleus: karyon
stores genetic information: dna
inincludes everything inside the plasma membrane that is not part of the dna region: cytoplasm
a reagion of cytoplasm not bounded by a membrane: nucleoid
a membrane bound compartment within the cytoplasm: nucleus
makes plant cell square: cell wall
prokaryotic:: bacteria
eukaryotic and both have a plasma membrane: plant and animal cells
does not require energy: passive
energy in cells: atp
occurs only by the ability of the cell to move some substances across its membrane: steady state
only allow certain molecules across: selectively permeable
a process that requires energy: active transport
on one side of the membrane contains a greater concentration of a substance compared to the other: hypertonic
equal amounts of the substance are found on each side of the membrane: isotonic
the solution on one side of the membrane contains a lower concentration of a substance compared to the other: hypotonic
carries disease without being affected by it: nonliving vector
set off metabolic functions: enzymes
ways to get infections/viruses:: airborn
bodily fluids
genetic
diruption of homeostasis:: sickness/disease
first to see dna: rosalind franklin
cells plants animals fungi: eukaryotic

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Created By britneyzurovetz