Audi 518 Text

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What are audiologists?: People who provide comrehensive diagnostic and rehabilitative services for all areas of auditory, vestibular, and related disorders.
Average conversational speech is at what dB HL?: 50
What dB HL is theta?: 20 dB HL
What parts of ear can affect air conduction?: any problem in the outer, middle or inner ear
What range in dB HL is considered normal hearing?: -10 to 15
What range in dB HL is considered slight hearing loss?: 16 to 25 (some recommend that normal is -10 to 25)
What range in dB HL is considered profound?: 90+
What range in dB HL is considered severe hearing loss?: 70-90
What range in dB HL is considered moderately severe?: 55-70
What range in dB HL is considered Mild?: 25-40
What range in dB HL is considered Moderate?: 40-55
Why is masking used?: To ensure that the better ear is not participating in the responses from the poorer ear. If the signal presented to the poorer ear is sufficiently intense, and the hearing in the opposite ear is good enough, it is possible for the intense signal to cross over via the bones of the skull to the good ear.
What does ALD stand for?: Assistive Listening Device
Why do we need ALDs?: People still can have trouble hearing when they have hearing aids because of things like busy dining areas, echos in church, orchestra, classroom, someone presenting, Need ALDs and signallers to overcome the hearing difficulties in adverse listening conditions. And to alert individuals to important environmental sounds.
Main obstacles to everyday listening...: -Distance
-Reverberation
-Signal to Noise Ratio
Tell me about SNR?: Signal to noise ratio: Level of speech relative to noise level. The critical SNR: ratio at which 50% of speech is understood.Critical SNR for normal hearing: -6 dB (-6 dB more of noise than speech).
Severe to profound loss: 15 to 20 dB
-A loss of even 1 dB in critical SNR could reduce a speech score by as much as 20%!
In classrooms, SNRs range from -7dB to +5 dB.
Tell me about distance?: -Within a critical distance (3 to 4 meters) reverberation has minimal effect. (1-2 meters for person with a hearing aid).
-Speech recognition can only be improved by decreasing distance between the speaker and the listener.
-When the distance between the speaker and listener is doubled, sound decreases by 6 dB.
Tell me about reverberation:: -One of the most important acoustical considerations.
-Reverberation measures in classroom have ranged from 0.35 to 1.2
-Result is smearing or masking of consonants
-Noise and reverb have a syngergistic effect.
What are is T-coil?: -The T-coil is a metal rod that is encircled by many turns of a copper wire.
-When hearing aid is switched to T, the telcoil detects the electromagnetic field from phones or induction loops.
-Converts magnetic energy to electrical energy, and in turn, hearing aid converts to speech signal, heard by listener.
-Can be used in electromagnetic loop system, like in a church where the listener uses t-coil in hearing aids or use a loop receiver. It is wireless,inexpensive and can be used outdoors.
How does an FM system work?: -Microphone/Transmitter detects the speech signal and converts to an FM signal.
-Receiver receives incoming Fm signal and is attached to a hearing aid or headset.
-Coupling transmits FM signal from transmitter to receiver.
-Speech signal heard by listener.
What are the advantages of FM systems?: -Good sound quality
-Wireless
-Private
-Flexible
-Channel Synchronization
-Directional mic
Collapsing ear canal can effect... Who does it typically affect? What does it involve? When can it happen during testing? How would the hearing test be affected?: 1. the outcomes of both audiological testing and rehabilitation efforts.
2. older individuals and young infants.
3. ear canal collapses because of a loss of elasticity in the cartilage of the external ear.
4. The force of the headband connected to the supraoral earphones.
5. air conduction results = poorer than they should be, but bone conduction results would be fine. So a false (usually high frequency) conductive hearin loss is often recorded.
What are the three types of TM perforations?: 1) central perforations
2) marginal perforations
3) retraction pockets (not true perforations).
What is the range of hearing loss for a TM perforation?: 0 to 40 dB depending on the size and location of the perf, and the presence or absence of drainage from the middle ear.
What is a key measure in the diagnosis of TM perforation?: large ear canal volume
What are the causes of TM perforations?: trauma, thermal burns, foreign bodies in the ear canal, skull fractures and ear infections
What are marginal perforations?: perforations involving the annulus in which skin can migrate into the middle ear space (more dangerous). Migration of skin into the ME can result in a tumorlike mass called a cholesteatoma.
How a marginal perforation gets fixed?: Depending on size and location, can spontaneously heal. Or need surgical repair called myringoplasty (a type of tympanoplasty).
What are retraction perforations?: Occur when negative ME pressure causes the eardrum to retract and a pocket forms in the pars flaccida. The pocket fills with squamous debris, that can become a attic cholesteatoma.
What some injuries to the external ear?: sunburn, frostbite, chemical injuries and radiation, cotton swabs or insertion of a foreign object.
What are possible causes of eustachian tube dysfunction?: swelling due to allergy or infection
obstruction due to enlarged adenoids or a tumor.
-neurological disorders that interfere with the opening of the tube
-craniofacial anomalies
What happens when the eustachian tube dysfunctions?: insufficient opening of the tube disrupts the pressure equalization function, resulting in a buildup of negative pressure in the ME space.
How to fix ET dysfunction?: -medicine, including antibiotics and degongestants
-sometimes difficult to treat
Why to young children often have ET dysfunction?: Horiztontal position of ET
What is Patulous Eustachian tube?: condition where the ET is abnormally open. May be associated with rapid weight loss over a short period of time, or neuromuscular disorders involving that muscles of the nasopharynx.Symptoms: aural fullness, autophony (hearing your voice louder) and hearing respiratory sounds.
What is otosclerosis?: A lesion of the osseous or bony portion of the inner ear and stapedial footplate. In this condition, a layer of new bone is laid down at the same time the older bone is resorbed, producing a spongy type of bone. Causes footplate to wedge in position.
Does otosclerosis run in the family? More common in males or females>?: Yes.
Females.
In otosclerosis, is it usually bilateral? Will you see acoustic reflexes in bilateral air-bone gaps?: Yes.
No.
What is otitis media?: inflammation of the middle ear.
What are the different types of otitis media?: 1) Recurrent: 3 or more times in a 6 month period
2) CHronic: lasts for longer than 8 weeks
3) Persisent: ME inflammation with fluid that lasts 6 weeks after the initiation of antibiotics
What are the treatment options of otitis media?: -oral antibiotics
-myringotomy followed by PE tube
Vestibular Schwannoma?: Tumours affecting the auditory nerve.
How does a vestibular schwannoma progress?: Tumours are small in the initials stage, no symtpoms. As they grow, press on vestibular nerve (sometimes dizziness). Larger = auditory system affected. Neural firing interrupted due to compression, hearing loss occurs. Growing more = progressive sensorineural hearing loss. Facial nerve not affected until late in the progression.
Treatment for vestibular shwannoma?: Surgery (careful not to knick 7th nerve!!) Tumours can be life threatening.
What kind of hearing loss for vestibular shwanomma?: unilateral sensorineural
In ossicular discontinuity, where is the break likely to occur?: -manubrium (handle of malleus)
-long process of the incus
-stapes
What causes discontinuity of the osscicluar chain?: head trauma or direct trauma to TM
What kind of hearing loss for ossicular discontinuity? How to fix?: Large unilateral conductive hearing loss.
Surgury is possible to repair bones or replace a bone with wire or teflon
What are some ototoxic drugs? What kind of hearing loss does it cause?: -antibiotics in the aminoglycoside family, quinine, aspirin, some diretics, chemotherapy agents.
-bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, ultra high frequencies first
What kind of hearing loss is involved in presbycusis?: bilateral, symmetrical, sensorineural hearing loss affecting the high frequencies
3 other assistive devices of interest to you: hearing ear dogs
hook up signallers for things like alarm clock to lamp
-vibrating alarm clocks
-closed captioning
Define auditory neuropathy: a condition in which the patient displays auditory characteristics that support normal outer hair cell function and abnormal responses from viiith nerve and brain stem. ite of dysfunction is somewhere between the OHCs and the brainstem. Cannot be IDed by CT scan. The audiometrtic pattern = normal OAEs and absent ABRs. Absent reflexes. Normal to severe/profound hearing loss, which can be asymmetric.
Who are cochlear implants for?: those with severe to profound hearing loss who do not benefit from conventional amplification
What do cochlear implants do?: provide electrical stimulation to the auditory nerve to give the recipient the sensation of sound
Can babies get cochlear implants?: Possible at 12 months of age but not younger.
What are the parts of the cochlear implant?: External parts: microphone, transmitter and speech processor
Implanted parts: receiver/stimulator and the electrode array
When do you mask for air conduction threshold testing? (What is the generally recommended minimum interaural attenuation for air conduction?): 40 dB HL (when supra-aural earphones.
insert = 75 dB in lower frequencies and 50 in higher fq
When do you mask in bone conduction threshold testing?: most of the time. The reason is that the interaural attenuation for bone conduction signals is 0 dB HL, meaning that the head does not block any of the signal from reaching one cochlea or the other. The better ear will respond no matter what side you put the bone oscillator on. Any time there is a air-bone gap greater than 10 dB in the test ear, you need to use masking in the non test ear during bone conduction.
What are 5 factors in increasing OME prevalence?: -Down Syndrome
-Crowded living conditions
-Family history of recurring OME
-Group day-care settings
-Allergies
How do they manage OME?: Start out by waiting and modifying risk factors. If it lasts 3-6 months, they put PE tubes in.
What are the types of TM perforation/: Acute - (self healing) - 90%
Chronic - require tympanoplasty - 10%
What are 5 causes of TM perforation: -Sticking object in ear.
-Infection (OM)
-traumatic blow or slap
-sudden explosion
-skull fracture
What kind of HL do you get with TM perf?: low fq conductive hearing loss
OTOSCLEROSIS: 1. Acquired condition of the ______. 2. Fiation of footplate in ________. 3. 50% of cases appear to be _______. 4. More common in (males/females)? 5. Typical onset in ________ age. 6. Managed well by _______ or ______.: 1. stapedial footplate
2. oval window
3. hereditary
4. Females
5. Early middle age
6. Surgery or amplification
What are the risks to stapedectomy?: -Knicking facial nerve
-Ending up deaf b/c u broke thoughthe membrane at oval window.
Perinatal TORCH infections - 2000 babies per year have it. What does TORCH stand for?: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, other (syphilis).
What are the causes of retrocochlear hearing loss?: -vestibular schwannoma
-auditory dysynchrony (auditory neuropathy)
-Central disorders (tumors, vascular disease, neural disorders).
What CAN hearing aids do?: -Speech understand in quiet
-Speech understanding in noise (little bit of benefit, sometimes makes it worse)
-Loud sounds tolerable
-Comfortable fit
How does a hearing aid work?: Microphone changes sound to electricity.
Amplifier boosts electrical signal signal.
Receiver changes electricity back to sound.
Battery for power.
Controls to adjust hearing aid response.
What are the benefits of the BTE hearing aid?: -Most powerful (good for severe to profound HL(+)
-durable
-lowest repair rate
-easiest for caregivers to operate
-largest controls (but may be hard to position behind ear)
For the ITE hearing aids, what degree of hearing loss it is suitable for?: All by severe.
What degree of hearing lost is best for ITC hearing aids? What problems could people have with these?: Less severe hearing loss.

Smaller batteries and volume wheel may be difficult for those with dexterity problems or vision problems
What are the negatives of CIC hearing aids?: -Smallest batteries
-highest repair rate
-not suitable for people dexterity problems, vision probs, ususually shaped or small ear canals, or people with severe loss
Hearing aid terminology: What is gain? What is fq response?: Gain = how much the hearing aid has increased sound level.
Frequency response = amount of gain as a function of fq. FOr example, most hearing losses are worse at high frequencies and require a hearing aid with more gain in the high frequencies

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Created By sabn1987