POPULATION, URBANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT
Terms
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- Body burden
- the buildup of synthetic chemicals and heavy metals in our bodies as a conequence of POPS (persistant organix pollutants) in the food chain and thus in human food supplies.
- cornucopian view of nature
- nature is seen as an almost endless storehouse of resource that exist only for use by humans, especially by those currently living.
- demographic transition
- shift in a population or society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
- environmental racism
- certain social groups and areas within a city, most often minority groups, the marginalized, and the poor, are discriminated against as a result of several factors, including fewer public services being devoted by local governments to undesirable areas and a perceptoon on the part of polluters that local residents are so politically weak that they are unable to mount successful nimby campaigns against polluting industries and governments.
- gemeinschaft
- social situations in which those involved treat one another as ends rather than as meansl primary relationships based on sentiment, found most often in rural life
- gentrification
- the restoration and upgrading of teriorated urban property by middle-class or affluent people, often resulting in displacement of lower-income people.
- gesellschaft
- social situations in which those involved treat one another as means rather than as endsl secondary relations based primarily on calculation and individual intrest, found most often in city life.
- mechanical solidarity
- durkheims term for the kind of tight, homogeneous social order typical of a pre- industrial, primarily rural society.
- organix solidarity
- durkheims term for the new social order of industrial society, which was based on interdependent, though not necessarily intimate, relationships.
- postive checks
- part of malthusian theory, these prevent overpopulation by increasing the death rate. They include war, famine, pestilence, and disease
- preventive checks
- in malthusian theory, these prevent over-population by limiting the number or survivals of live births. They include abortion, infanticide, sexual abstinence, delayed marriage, and contraceptive technologies.
- suburbanization
- the process by which housing spreads almost unhindered into once rural regions sorrounding the city core. This greatly expands the geographic size of cities, and there is a noticed shift of the affluent out of the urban centre to these surrounding areas.
- technology
- the manifestation of human knowledge and ingenuity applied to the solution of a problem or need.
- tragedy of the commons
- a market system based on the capitalistic belief that economies work best when left alone, with each self-interested actor seeking what is personally best, leads to the situation where this agglomerated self-intrest works against the common good by pollutiing, destoying, and exhausting bodies of watrer, the air, the land, ecosystems, and especially, renewable resources such as fish and forests.
- urbanization
- the growth in the proportion of the population living in urbanized areas. There is also an increasing appearance in rural and small-town areas of behavior patterns and cultural values associated with big-city life.