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competition: -an interaction between organisms that occurs when both require a common resource, causing harm to both organisms.
resource: -a feature of the environment required for growth, survival or reproduction and which can be consumed or used to the point of depletion
interspecific competition: -between individuals of different species
intraspecific competition: -between individuals of the same species
interference competition: -direct interaction
-usually happens physically
-ex: bucks fighting over female
resource competition: -indirect interaction
-use of a resource by one individual affects all other individuals that use that resource
-ex: plants in the tropics taking up nutrients in the soil
apparent competition: -indirect interaction
-presence of one species increases the predator population of another
-NOT competing for resources
-considered by some to not be true form of competition
asymmetrical competition: -competition has a negative influence on both species/individuals
-one often suffers more than the other
competitive exclusion principle: -if niches for 2 competing species are very similar, they will not likely coexist
-the superior competitor will outcompete the lesser competitor
character displacement: -closely related species may be more different in sympatry
exploitation: -an interaction between species that enhances the fitness of the exploiting individual while reducing the fitness of the exploited individual
predation: -always results in mortality of prey
-ex: lions eating zebras
herbivory: -does not always in death of prey
-ex: cattle grazing on plants
Evolutionary arms race: -an evolutionary struggle between two co-evolving genes that develop adaptations counter-adaptations to each other
-ex: garter snakes and newts
refuge: -allow prey protection from predators
-somewhat included in Lotka-Volterra (change p depending on environment)
symbiosis: -a relationship in which two species that live in close physiological contact with each other
parasite: -an organism that lives in or on a host organism and feeds on its tissues or body fluids
-often a symbiosis
-estimated 50% of species on earth of parasites
pathogen: -a parasite that causes disease
macroparasite: -large enough to see with the naked eye
-ex: worms
microparasite: -too small to see with the naked eye
-ex: bacteria
parasitic castration: -parasite physiologically blocks reproduction in the host
-ex: isopods living in barnacles
vector: -any agent that carries and transmits a pathogen
mutualism: -a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals
trophic mutualism: -a mutualist receives energy or nutrients from its partner
habitat mutualism: -a mutualist receives shelter from its partner
service mutualism: -a mutualist receives an ecological service from its partner
-ex: pollination, dispersal
facultative mutualism: -the species benefits from their partners, but can live without them
obligate mutualism: -the species are so dependent on each other that they cannot survive apart
commensalism: -an interaction between individuals where one benefits the other, but is not harmed
-often occurs where one organism provides habitat for the other
ammensalism: -a relationship where one species suffers while the other is unaffected
-not common
-ex: as wild pigs forage, they disturb the soil and tear up plants
community: -a group of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time
taxonomic subset: -all the species in one taxonomic group within the community
-ex: birds, amphibians
guild: -a group of organisms that make their living in similar ways
-ex: herbivores, seed eaters
functional type: -a group of species with similar morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical, or environmental characteristics/responses
-ex: aphids and mosquitoes
trophic level: -a group of species that obtain energy in a similar way
food web: -a summary of the feeding relationships within an ecological community
interaction web: -describes both trophic (vertical) and non-trophic (horizontal) community interactions
interaction strength: -the degree to which one species affects another
keystone species: -found in relatively low abundance and biomass
-have a disproportionate effect on the community structure
-ex: sea stars, beavers
dominant species: -tend to be large and/or extremely abundant
-may provide habitat or food for other species
-may be good competitors for space, nutrients, and light
biodiversity: -a term used to describe the diversity of important ecological entities that may span multiple spacial scales
species richness: -the number of species found in a community
species evenness: -provides information on the commonness/rarity of a species
-relative abundance of each species in the area
species diversity: -measure combining both number of species and relative abundance
-lots of different indices of species diversity
stability: -the tendency of a community to remain the same in structure and function
resilience: -the rate of recovery after a disturbance
indirect interaction: -interactions that are mediated by a third species/individual
3 mechanisms of competition: -interference competition
-resource competition
-apparent competition
how to test for interspecific competition: -remove one species and measure abundance of the other
how to test for intraspecific competition: -look for density dependent effects (if population growth decreases at higher densities)
factors that facilitate coexistence: -environmental changes
-disturbance
-interactions with other organisms
-immigration from other locations
-character displacement
lethal effects predators can have on prey: -interactions cause mortality through direct interaction
-can drive natural selection
non-lethal effects of predator on prey: -interaction or presence of predator results in a change in prey
-3 types of change (physical, behavioral, life history)
physical changes in response to predators: -coloration (chameleon)
-shape (shell thickness in gastropods)
-chemical (increased silica in grass)
behavioral changes in response to predators: -change in activity (lizards remain in refuge)
-behavioral crypsis (deer)
-depth choice (snails crawl out of water)
life history changes in response to predators: -change in growth rate (fish)
-emergence/hatching time (tadpoles)
parasitism vs predation/herbivory: Parasitism:
-usually long term
-eat one/few individuals
-usually kill slowly
-higher reproductive rate than host
how hosts can defend themselves: -change behavior
-immune system
-biochemical defenses
-ex: migrating monarch butterflies have lower rates of parasites
how parasites can exploit their hosts: -encapsulation
-many surface proteins to avoid detection
-change hosts behavioral, physiological, survival or reproduction for their benefit
-ex: hairworms in crickets make host jump into water so they can reproduce
how are parasites costly to humans: -diseases of crops and livestock
-hospitalization
-common cold
how can we use parasites to our benefit: -biocontrol
mutualism can be based on effect: -trophic
-habitat
-service
mutualism can be based off their dependence: -facultative
-obligate
example of commensalism: -lichen
example of difficult to classify species interaction: -human gut bacteria
4 ways of subdividing a community: -taxonomic subset
-guild
-trophic levels
-functional types
types of keystone species: -predators
-food source
-habitat modifier
-ecosystem processor
top down: -higher trophic levels determine the size of levels below
-ex: wolves in national parks
3 ways to estimate the number of species in a community: -sampling effort
-indicator taxa
-standardized sampling
ability to prevent invasions: -low diversity communities are easier to invade because there are more niche space available and fewer competitors
4 diversity function relationships: -complementary hypothesis
-redundancy hypothesis
-driver and passenger hypothesis
-D & P with overlap
3 explanations for why species diversity varies by latitude: -fast nutrient cycle
-water availability
-long evolutionary history

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Number of cards 72

Created By domenida