Ecology 370
Terms
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- Adaptation
- -a characteristic that enhances survival and reproduction of its bearers in their environment
- allele
- -one of the alternative forms of the same gene
- allele frequencies
- -the proportions of alternative forms of a gene in a population of organisms
- directional selection
- -form of natural selection that favors an extreme phenotype over other phenotypes
- disruptive selection
- -form of natural selection that favors two or more extreme phenotypes
- ecotype
- -locally adapted and genetically distinctive population within a species
- endemic
- -applied to populations or species found in a particular locality and nowhere else
- evolution
- -process by which organisms gradually accumulate differences from their ancestors
- fitness
- -the success of an organism to reproduce
- gene
- -unit of heredity in a living organism
- genetic drift
- -change in gene fre
- *genetic drift
- -change in gene frequencies in a population due to chance or random events
- genotype
- -genetic make up of an organism (DNA)
- hardy-weinberg equilibrium
-
-rules for idealized population
-random mating
-no mutation
-no immigration
-large population
-all genotypes have equal fitness - heritability
- -proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait attributable to genetic variation
- heterozygous
- -Different genes (Hh)
- Homozygous
- -same alleles (hh)
- inbreeding
- -mating by individuals that are related by decent
- inbreeding depression
-
-decline in fitness due to inbreeding
-affects all aspects of reproductive fitness - loci
- -location along the length of a particular chromosome where a gene is located
- microsatellite
-
-repeat units of DNA
-occurs in non coding regions of DNA
-taxon specific - natural selection
- -the process by which individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce more successfully than those with other heritable characteristics
- phenotype
- -physical make up of an organism
- phenotypic plasticity
- -variation among individuals in form and function as a result of environmental influences
- polymorphic locus
- -a locus that occurs as more than one allele
- population
- -group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area
- range
- -difference between largest and smallest values in a set of measurements or observations
- stabilizing selection
- -form of natural selection that acts against extreme phenotypes
- niche
- -physical and biological conditions that a species needs to grow, survive, and reproduce
- fundamental niche
- -range of conditions an organism can live
- realized niche
-
-range of conditions an organism actually lives
-influences by competition, predators, mutualists, etc - distribution
- -geographic area where individuals of a species are present
- random distribution
- -various distances between individuals
- regular distribution
- -equal distances between individuals
- clumped distribution
- -found in groups separated by areas without individuals
- population density
-
-number of individuals per unit area
-constantly changing - abundance
- -number of individuals of a species that are found in a given area
- dispersal
- -movement from one place to another
- genet
- -product of a single fertilization event
- ramet
- -an actually or potentially physiologically independent organism
- invasive species
- -introduces species that survive and reproduce in their new environment
- metapopulation
- -an assemblage of linked subpopulations
- cohort life table
- -follow from birth to death
- static life table
- -record age at death
- type 1 survivorship curve
- -high survival among young
- type 2 survirorship curve
- -constant survival rate
- type 3 survivorship curve
- -high mortality among young
- fecundity
- -number of eggs or seeds produced by an organism
- life table
- -record of survivorship and death
- age distribution
- -distribution of individuals among age groups in a population
- generation time
- -the mean age of parents of all offspring produced within a cohort
- geometric population growth
-
-grows slowly at first, then increases
-abundant resources - exponential population growth
-
-abundant resources
-grows slowly at first, then increases - logistic population growth
- -environmental limitation
- carrying capacity
-
-k
-population size at which growth stops - pandemic
- -epidemic of infectious disease
- allele effect
- -a decrease in the population growth rate as the population density decreases
- stochastic
- -erratic or unpredictable changes in the environment
- cohort
- -group of individuals of the same age
- density dependent
-
-magnitude of the outcome is related to the population size
-ex: starvation, competition - density independent
-
-magnitude of the outcome is not related to population size
-ex: extreme weather - life history
- -lifetime pattern of growth, reproduction, and survival of a species
- r selection
- -per capita rate of increase
- k selection
-
-referring to the carrying capacity in logistic growth
-large and slow - iteroparous
- -successive reproductive events
- semelparous
- -one reproductive event
- intrasexual selection
- -individuals of one sex compete amongst themselves for mates
- intersexual selection
- -one sex consistently chooses mates from among the opposite sex
- hermaphodite
- -individual can produce both kinds of gametes
- kin selection
- -selection in which individuals increase their inclusive fitness by helping increase the survival and reproduction of relatives that are not offspring
- philopatry
-
-"love of place"
-tendency of some organisms to remain in the same area throughout their lives - caste
-
-group of individuals that are physically distinctive and engage in specialized behavior within a social unit
-ex: colony - eusociality
-
-highly specialized
-include individuals of more than one generation living together, cooperative care of young, and division of individuals into sterial and reproductive castes