nutr 325 ch 6-9

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mammary gland: the source of milk for offspring, also commonly called the breast. the presence of the mammary glands is a characteristic of mammals
What is the 2010 goal for amount of women in the U.S. breastfeeding up to 6 months?: 75%
What is the source of milk for offspring?: mammary gland
Define: Aveolus: -functional units of the mammary gland, hollow cavities
secretory cells: responsible for secreting milk components into cells
myoepithelial cells: contract to cause milk to be secreted into cells
what is letdown?: the ejection of milk
Groups of aveoli are called?: lobes
Define: Lactiferous Sinuses: dilations behind the nipple for storage of milk, drains into the opening of the nipple
Lactogenisis is the production of ________?: milk
What is the first stage of lactogenisis: -begins prior to birth and continues for 2-5 days after
-milk formation begins in the form of colostrum
what is the second stage of lactogenisis: begins 2-5 days after birth and its when the milk "comes in"
what is the third stage of lactogenisis?: begins ~10 days after birth and its when the milk composition is now stable
During which lactogenesis stage does milk production begin?: lactogenesis II
What does prolactin do?: produced by pituitary glands, triggers cells in alveoli to produce milk, released in response to sucking, inhibits ovulation
What does oxytocin do?: produced by pituitary, stimulates milk let down, tingling of the breast, causes uterus to contract
Why is the return to normal uterine size faster in breastfeeding women?: oxytocin causes the uterine to contract
Human milk is the only food needed by the majority of healthy infants for how long?: the first 6 months
Is colostrum or mature milk higher in protein?: colostrum (2.0g)
What proteins is colostrum high in?: secretory IgA and lactoferrin
Describe water in breast milk:: -major component
-isomatic with maternal plasma
is breast milk higher or lower than human-milk subsitute?: lower
how many kcal per ml in breast milk?: ~0.65
1/2 the calories in human milk are provided by?: lipids
What is the main protein in mature human milk?: casein
What is casein responsible for?: protein, gives milk its white color
What is the dominant CHO is human milk?: lactose
What does lactose enhance?: calcium absorption
What do the ogliosaccharides do?: stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in gut
How much more vit A is in colostrum than mature milk?: double
colostrum is slightly yellow due to what?: lots of beta carotene (vit a)
Women in sunny areas will produce milk with more or less vit D?: more
vitamin e level in milk is linked to is ______ content.: fat
5% of breastfed infants are at risk for what?: vitamin k deficiency
Low B12 breast milk is seen in women who are __________: vegan and malnourished
Vitamin B12 and folate are bound to what in breast milk?: whey protein
Concentration of minerals in breast milk decreases over the what period of time?: the first 4 months
Most minerals in breast milk have a high what?: bioavailability
What is the hormonal benefit of breastfeeding?: increased oxytocin helps a quicker return to prepregnancy uterine size
What is a physical benefit of breast feeding?: delayed ovulation means longer periods of time between pregnancies
What is a pyschological benefit of breastfeeding?: increased self-confidence and bonding with the infant
What is one nutritional benefit of breast feeding?: 1. nutrients match infants requirements
What is one immunological benefit to breast feeding?: imunoglobulins protect by blocking colonization of pathogens
What is the average daily production of milk?: 600 ml/day during first month, 750-800 ml/day 4-5 months and will increase due to demand
How many times a day should milk be expressed?: 8-12
What is latching on?: when infant takes nipple and areola in their mouth
How does an infant signal hunger?: bringing hands to mouth, sucking on them, or moving head side to side
How long does it take infants to empty their stomach?: ~1.5 hours
What are signs of a malnourished infant?: sleepy, non-responsive, few wet diapers, and have a weak cry
How many wet/soiled diapers should an infant have in a day?: 6 wet diapers and 3-4 soild diapers
How many calories should breastfeeding women eat?: 2,400 each day
How much more money have companies who made breastfeeding support programs made?: $3 for every $1 spent
What is the most common breast feeding condition?: sore nipples
How can sore nipples be prevented?: proper latching on techniques
What is letdown failure?: when milk does not eject from the breast (very uncommon)
How can letdown failure be helped?: relaxation techniques and oxytocin nasal spray
What is hyperactive letdown?: when streams of milk flow from the breast
How is hyperactive letdown helped?: mother should express milk until milk slows, then allow infant to nurse. (otherwise baby could choke)
What is engorgment? and why does it happen?: breast are overfilled with milk because supply and demand has not yet been established
What is the best prevention of engorgment?: frequent nursing
What is plugged duct?: a painful knot forming on the breast caused by milk staying in the duct
What is mastisis?: a bacterial infection of the breast
How common is mastisis?: 1-5% of breast feeding women
How is mastisis treated?: emptying of breast, antibiotics, rest and fluids
are many herbs contraindicated during breast feeding?: yes
is alcohol okay while breast feeding?: in moderation, but make sure feeding is timed to be much after drinking has occurred
Is it more ideal to smoke and not breast feed or smoke and breast feed?: smoke and breast feed, but still not ideal
What is teh 1/2 life of nicotine?: 95 minutes
What are drugs that are contraindicated during breas feeding?: amphetamines, cocaine, heroine, and phencyclidine (angel dust, PCP)
What is jaundice?: yellow coloring of skin caused by high levels of bilirubin (what breaks down heme)
How is jaundice resolved?: in most cases it is resovled on its own
What should you inform parents about jaundice?: most infants will become jaundiced, however very very few will develop further issues
What do parents of multiples need support in?: organization, feeding, stress management, individualization
Exclusive breastfeeding for more than 4 months protects against what?: allergies
What can the lactating mother consume to protect against allergies?: omega-3 fatty acids
Do near-term infants have difficulty breastfeeding?: yes, they have subtle immaturities making it harder
How can breast feeding be made easier for near-term infants?: pumping milk
waking them up every 2-4 hours for feeding
Can HIV be transmitted through breastfeeding?: yes, transmission rates are 5-40%
What is the leading cause of infant death?: low-birth weight (
What is the 2010 goal in terms of infant deaths?: 4.5/1000
What is the average weight of full-term infants?: 5.5 lbs to 8.5 lbs
AGA: appropriate weight for gestational age
SGA: small for gestational age (
dSGA: disproportionately small for gestational age (malnutrition in 3rd tri, low weight but normal length and head circumference)
pSGA: proportionately small for gestational age (long term malnourishment, fewer problems than dSGA)
LGA: large for gestational age (>90th percentile)
what are common newborn behaviors?: hear and move in response to a familiar voice, CNA is immature resulting in inconsistent cues for hunger and satiety, strong reflexes
How long until newborns double their birth weight?: 4-6 months
When do newborns triple their birth weight?: by 1 year
How is the height (length) of infants measured?: recumbent-length measurement board
How many calories does an 8 month old need?: 98 kcal per kg per day
How many calories per day does a 6 month old need?: 108 kcal/kg/day
Prior to 6 months how many grams of protein are necessary?: 9.1 grams per day
After 6 months how many grams of protein are necessary?: 11 grams per day
How many grams of fat do babies need?: 30g 0-6 months and 31 grams 7-12 months
What do infants need cholesterol for?: gonad and brain development
Why is breast milk easy for infants to digest?: it contains mainly short and medium chain fatty acids
When do infants start to purposefully signal wants and needs?: 4-6 weeks
When are infants ready for solid foods?: 4-6 months when they begin moving their tongue from side to side
At what point does a child verbalize hunger?: ~3 years old
How should solid food be introduced?: at 6 months, offer small portions of semi-soft food on a spoon twice each day
When can infants each soft-mashed foods?: not until 8-10 months
What should the 1st foods be?: iron-fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk
How often should new "solid" foods be introduced?: every 2-3 days
When should iron be supplemented?: if the mother was anemic during pregnancy
When should Vitamin D be supplemented?: if there is low sun exposure
When should Vitamin B12 be supplemented?: when the mother is vegan
neonatal death: occurring in the 1st 28 days of life
perinatal death: death occurring after 20 weeks gestation until 28 days after birth
What are infants energy and nutrient needs based off of?: DRI

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