A & P Quiz Questions
Terms
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- Anatomy
- study of the form & structure of an animal body & its parts
- Ventral
- bottom of animal, belly
- Intestines (location)
- ventral body cavity, caudal to the diaphragm
- Endocrine System
- hormones & glands
- Tarsus (location)
- hind leg, hock
- What plane is perpendicular to the sagittal & transverse plane?
- Dorsal
- Towards the nose
- Rostral
- the plane that is at right angles to the sagittal & transverse planes
- Dorsal
- toward the center
- deep
- towards the tail
- caudal
- towards the head
- cranial
- towards the back
- dorsal
- towards the belly
- ventral
- away from median plane
- lateral
- Abdominal Cavity
- kidneys, digestive organs
- Ventral Cavity
- viscera (soft tissues)
-
Pelvic Cavity
- end of the digestive tract, holds reproductive organs
- Dorsal Cavity
- brain, spinal cord
- Thoracic Cavity
- heart, lungs
- Digestive System
- takes in food, digests food, eliminates waste
- Respiratory System
- takes in air, uses gases from air, expels waste
- Muscular System
- allows for body movement
- Circulatory System
- carries gases, digested food & other materials to all parts of the body
- Reproductive System
- produces sex cells
- Excretory System
- eliminates wastes produced inside the cells
- Skeletal System
- body framework, protects vital organs
- Nervous System
- collects info to regulate all body functions
- 3 main parts of the circulatory system?
- heart. arteries. veins.
- 2 main groups of digestive systems?
- monogastric. ruminant.
- AKA digestive tract
- Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
- Osmotic Pressure
- the force of water moving from one side of a membrane to the other
- Is the cell membrane selectively permeable?
- yes. allows some molecules to pass through but not all.
- what does mitochondria contain?
- DNA, RNA, & enzymes necessary to make protein
- Red blood cells of birds & reptiles: nucleus?
- yes
- Homeostasis
- dynamic equilibrium
- Where is smooth muscle found?
- internal organs
- this type of cell cannot reproduce
- nervous
- Nitrogenous Bases
- G,T,U,C,A
- Active Transport
- requires energy
- Passive Transport
- does not need energy
- Meiosis
- division of reproductive cells
- Red Blood Cells (except in birds & reptiles)
- anucleated, cannot divide or reproduce itself
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear membrane
- Translation
- the process of building new protein using the info on the mRNA molecule
- Transcription
- decoding the genetic code from DNA & RNA through protein synthesis using mRNA
- Ribosomes produce:
- proteins
- Membrane Receptors
-
vital role in cell to cell recognition, contact signaling
- Macrophages
- giant cells that gobble up debris, dead cells & outside invaders
- Lysosomes
- contains digestive enzymes, intracellular digestion
- 3 structures found in ALL mammalian cells
- cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane
- Excretion
- exocytosis of waste of products
- Golgi Apparatus
- cell structure that modifies, packages & distributes proteins
- Prokaryotes
- no nucleus
- Potassium is higher/lower inside the cell
- HIGHER
- Sodium is higher/lower inside the cell
- LOWER. higher outside the cell
- Mitochondria
- site of ATP production, power house
- Nucleus
- contains & process all genetic info
- Water
- largest constituent of protoplasm
- Fats
- important for forming much of the plasma & cell membranes
- Cytoskeleton
- strengthens & maintains cell strength
- Lysomes
- digestion of absorbed materials
- Cytoplasm
- fluid of the cell that contains, transports, & stores substances
- Chromatin
- regulates protein synthesis, has DNA & proteins loosely arranged
- Carbohydrates
- makes up 1% of cell, the energy, simple sugars to complex polysaccharides
- Nucleolus
- dense body containing RNA & protein
- Ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- Cell Membrane
- boundary between extracellular & intracellular compartments
- Atrophy
- decrease in size from normal
- Hypoplasia
- incomplete development of an organ
- Aplasia
- failure of a tissue or organ to develop
- Catabolic
- reactions that breakdown cellular components
- Hyperplasia
- increase in size because of increase in the number of cells
- Isotonic
- extracellular fluid has the same concentration of dissolved substances as intracellular fluid
- Anabolic
- reactions that build & maintain cellular components
- Lipid Bilayer
- hydrophilic heads on outside, hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside
- Phagocytosis
- engulfing solid material via a minute infolding of the plasma membrane
- Do cytoplasm & extracellular fluid have a net charge?
- no net charge. but rich in ions
- where does transcription begin?
- nucleus
- type of muscle tissue that has large cells with hundreds of nuclei & mitochondria
- skeletal
- what do Mast Cells release?
- histamine, heparin
- function of a leukocytes
- WBC, to fight infection
- Basement Membrane
- acts as a partial barrier between the epithelial cell & the underlying connective tissue
- Tight Junction
- no leakage
- Desmosome
- type of cellular junction found between epithelial cells, strong, welded plaque or thickening formed of filaments that interlock with one another
- these muscular cells are striated & are held together by loose connective tissue
- skeletal
- The ground substance of blood matrix
- Plasma
- the fibrous component of blood matrix
- protein
- goblet cells
- simple columnar epithelial cells, manufacture & store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surface of the epithelia
- Holocrine
- glands that store their secretions & then release the entire contents of the cell
- Goblet cell = what kind of gland?
- unicellular exocrine gland
- only type of membrane that has no epithelium
- synovial
- cartilage that is found in the pinnae & epiglottis of animals
- elastic cartilage
- Ground Substance
- component of connective tissue, shock absorbing cushion, helps to protect the more delicate cells it envelops
- Endocrine gland (2 examples)
- pituitary gland. adrenal gland.
- the extracellular matrix of connective tissue is:
- non living, provides structure & support, has blood vessels
- Osteoblasts
- manufacture the fibers that are a part of the cell matrix
- the protein found in mucus
- mucin
- Functions of epithelial cells:
- secretion or excretion of biochemical substances, filtering of biochemical substances, providing sensory input
- Smooth muscle(what type of tissue)
- involuntary, nonstriated tissue
- Synovial Membrane
- membrane that lines the walls & covers body cavities
- Functions of Connective Tissue
- forms protective sheath around organs, acts as a reserve for energy, plays a vital role in the healing process & in controlling invading organisms
- the type of muscle cell that is responsible for peristalsis in the GIT
- smooth
- Axons
- part of the neuron that sends impulses away from the cell body
- Dendrites
- part of the cell body that receives the impulses
- Perikaryon
- the cell body
- 2 types of ducts in the exocrine gland classification
- simple & compound
- Serous Membranes (cell/tissue type)
- simple squamous epithelium
- Keratin
- waterproof quality of skin, helps prevent dessication
- Hyaline Cartilage
- most common & most rigid type of cartilage in the body
- Gap Junctions
- type of cellular attachment that allows the exchange of ions & nutrients
- Lumen
- outside the organ
- Tight Junctions
- type of cellular attachment that is found in tissues which there can be no leaks
- Basal
- faces the underlying connective tissues (basal lamina) blood vessels
- Apical
- outside of the organ
- Simple Squamous Epithelium
- fragile, thin, found in surfaces that involve moving gas or liquids
- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- found in places where absorption takes place, cube shaped, single rows
- Simple Columnar Epithelium
- nuclei are aligned single row along the base of the cell near the basement membrane
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- multilayered to protect underlying tissues, found in areas like the lining of the mouth which can have mechanical & chemical stresses
- Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- found primarily along excretory ducts such as sweat glands & mammary glands
- Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- found in select parts of the digestive tract, strong & function in secretion & protection
- Pseudo Columnar Epithelium
- nuclei are found at different levels, come cells never reach the luminal surface & are sloughed off
- Transition Epithelium
- found between stratfied epithelium with a basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells, found in areas of contraction & expansion
- the more granules in the pigmented skin =
- darker the skin
- what layer of skin provides nutrition to the epidermis?
- Dermis
- these are found in the papillary layer of the dermis: (3)
- blood vessels, nerve endings, temperature-sensitive receptors
- 80% of dermis is this type of tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- what type of tissue is the hypodermis?
- areolar tissue
- In animals with white hair, the medulla becomes filled with:
- air
- Aprocrine Glands
- empty into hair follicles, secretes some of its own cellular material, mammary glands, sweat glands
- Corium of a claw & hoof (2 characteristics)
- rich supply of nerves & blood vessels, firm attachment to the periosteum of the distal phalanx
- Integumentary System (3 functions)
- reduce threat of injury, convey sensory information, store nutrients,
- Dessication
- loss of water
- Dermis tissue =
- irregular connective
- underneath the layer of the dermis & composed of loose connective tissue
- papillary layer
- the layer of the epidermis that permits skin to move freely over underlying bone & muscle without putting tension on the skin
- hypodermis
- Palnum Nasale (3 characteristics)
- pigmented, aglandular, top of the nose/muzzle
- sebaceous glands
- produce sebum/oily substance
- each hair strand has how many layers?
- 3
- Primary Hair
- straight or arched, thick & longer than the smaller version
- Tactile
- contains the sensory ending, aka "whiskers"
- Arrecto Pili Muscle (function)
- work with the sympathetic nervous system, contract muscle to make hair erect, attach to each hair follice
- A mound of dermal cells at the base of the hair bulb
- papilla
- location of anal glands
- ventral bottom of the anus
- Appocrine Sweat Glands
- exocrine gland that secretes substances into the hair follicle
- Eccrine Sweat Glands
- exocrine glands that secrete substances directly to the skin surface
- Statum Germinativum
- single layer of keratocytes that are firmly attached to the epithelial basement membrane
- The layer where Langerhans Cells are found most abundantly in.
- Stratum Spinosum
- Merkel Cells (location)
- Stratum Germinativum
- Horns
- not branched. blood supply from inside. males & females.
- Antlers
- branched. blood supply from outside. males only.